Long, troublesome and difficult were the preparations for the first International Congress for Music Education in Prague in the year 1936, that is, 25 years ago. Even in those days I had to struggle hard against the contradictions implicit in the divergencies between an exaggerated nationalism on the one hand and internationalism on the other…. You all know that the world has been possessed and dominated, ever since the Old and New Testament, Pythagoras, Plato and Aristoteles by the conflict between national and international thought and sentiment. (Leo Kestenberg, 1961)