Angular Correlation of Gamma-Rays

Goertzel, G.

doi:10.1103/physrev.70.897

Cited by 107 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Key aspects of the mode of decay of 111 In allow for the interrogation of data to get dynamic information at the atomic locus. The experimental technique allowing this is called PACS (Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy; Aeppli et al, 1951;Frauenfelder, 1951;Hemmingsen, 2004;Goertzel, 1946). In the Vescan examples and data below, we will see both simple imaging and PACS data.…”

Section: Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 97%

Conventional Liposome Performance and Evaluation: Lessons from the Development of Vescan

Jensen

Bunch

2007

Journal of Liposome Research

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In the early 1980s, Vestar Inc., a company founded on the basis of science developed by the California Institute of Technology and the City of Hope, brought into development an imaging agent based on liposome encapsulated (111)In(3+). This agent, named Vescan, together with the gamma ray perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy technique to examine liposome integrity, was envisioned as a broadly applicable in vivo tumor diagnostic agent. While not ultimately commercialized, the agent was used to successfully image a variety of tumors, and was evaluated in late-stage clinical trials. Lessons learned from the formulation and process development of this product, and the wealth of non-clinical and clinical results, revealed valuable information about the properties of stable, RES avoiding conventional liposomes. This technology ultimately would lead (at NeXstar Pharmaceuticals and, later, at Gilead Sciences) to the technology that created commercialized liposomal products such as AmBisome and DaunoXome as well as other development stage product candidates.

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Section: Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 97%

Conventional Liposome Performance and Evaluation: Lessons from the Development of Vescan

Jensen

Bunch

2007

Journal of Liposome Research

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“…Интенсивность в данном случае монотонно зависит от магнитного поля. Это обстоятельство можно, конеч-но, также использовать для определения гиромагнитного отношения возбужден-ного ядра 75 . 240 м. и. ПОДГОРЕЦКИЙ, о. А. ХРУСТАЛЕВ например, к тем взаимодействиям между сталкивающимися атомами, которые приводят к переориентации их спинов.…”

Section: *) в противном случае рассеяние света идет только по одному unclassified

Interference effects in quantum transitions

Podgoretskii¹,

Khrustalev²

1963

Usp. Fiz. Nauk

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СОДЕРЖАНИЕХотя рассматриваемые в настоящем обзоре интерференционные явле-ния связаны с самими основами квантовой механики, их специальное исследование началось сравнительно недавно. Это направление быстро развивается, поскольку интерференционные методы исследования оказа-лись необычайно тонкими и вместе с тем простыми и чувствительными. Являясь весьма общими, эти методы могут быть использованы не только в атомной физике, но также и при изучении свойств ядер и элементарных частиц. С другой стороны, широта и общность привели к тому, что раз-личные приложения, по существу очень близкие, кажутся на первый взгляд не связанными между собой. И действительно, нельзя сказать, чтобы связь между разрядкой 25-метастабиля в атоме водорода и процессом взаим-ного перехода К 0 -и Ж°-частиц сразу бросалась в глаза. То же относится к магнитной деполяризации резонансного излучения атомов и определению величины ядерного квадрупольного момента методом наложения уровней или, например, к эффекту Мёссбауэра и некоторым деталям зеркального отражения света и т. д.В этих условиях представляется полезным сопоставить различные интерференционные методы и попытаться изложить их с единой точки зрения. Такая постановка вопроса предполагает, конечно, что довольно часто речь будет идти о хорошо известных вещах. Можно, однако, надеяться, что их совместное рассмотрение является оправданным. Мы не могли по-ставить своей целью освещение всех или даже только всех важнейших интерференционных явлений, имеющих место при квантовых переходах. Характер настоящего обзора не позволяет также уделять внимание раз-личным техническим деталям, хотя бы и очень существенным. В соответ-ствии с этим обзор не содержит полной библиографии; ссылки приведены в основном на работы общего характера и обзоры.1 УФН, т. LXXXI, вып. 2

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“…T h e intermediate nl,lcle�r state is assumed not to be disturbed by external fields (58,63). A perturbation of the intermediate nuclear state can occur, e.g., through the interaction of the nuclear magnetic moment with the magnetic field of the electron shell or of the nuclear electric quadrupole moment with inhomogeneous electric fields.…”

Section: Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(d) If the lifetime of the intermediate nuclear state is longer than a certain lower limit, say 10-1 0 sec., there always exists the possibility that the magnetic and electric fields of the electron shell and the surroundings partialIy or completely destroy the angular correlation. These interactions, which make questionable to some extent all angular correlation measurements, al low as a natural compensation the investigation of the interaction between shell and nucleus and of the state of the shell after a radioactive decay (2,9,50,58,117).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Angular Correlation of Nuclear Radiation

Frauenfelder¹

1953

Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci.

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We wish in this review to give a short account of the theoretical and ex perimental work on angular correlation of successive nuclear radiation. We confine our paper to problems involving a well-defined intermediate nuclear state. Other topics, e.g., simultaneous emission of two or more particles, radiation from aligned nuclei, and angular distribution of nuclear reactions, will be omitted completely. ANGULAR CORRELATION IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS3One of the main problems of contemporary low energy nuclear physics is the determination of the properties of nuclear energy levels. We may char acterize nuclear states by the following quantities: energy (E), total angular momentum (1), parity (11"), magnetic moment (J1,), electric quadrupole mo ment (Q), partial level widths, and total transition probability. All these properties are as well defined for excited levels as for stable and for unstable ground states; the experimental determinatioIl of the enumerated quantities is, however, very different for stable and for unstable states. Stable isotopes are usually available in weighable quantities. Their ground states can there fore be investigated with methods in which time and quantity of material necessary for a measurement play no decisive role. The techniques of deter mining the characteristic qualities of ground states have achieved a very high degree of precision, and the known material is rapidly growing.For radioactive nuclei, and especially for short-lived excited nuclear states, most of these well known methods fail completely and new ways have to be developed. Easiest to determine is the energy difference to the ground state by means of the highly developed alpha-, beta-, and gamma-spectros copy. The total transition probability can in most cases also be ascertained by following the radioactive decay over a suitable period or by measuring delayed coincidences. For a large number of radioactive nuclei, the mode of decay has already been established, and some indications regarding the partial level widths have thus been obtained. Mechanical moments (spins) and parities are much· more difficult to determine, because at present in all but a few cases direct methods are inapplicable. Much work has therefore been devoted to the establishment of nuclear decay schemes, from which t The survey of the literature pertaining to this review was concluded in April, 1952. Further ANNUAL REVIEWS130 FRAUENFELDER spins and parities may be inferred. Magnetic and electric moments haw completely escaped any determination except for the ground states of � few long-lived radioactive nuclei. But exactly the investigation of these twc properties for excited levels could throw light on topics of current importance, e.g., the explanation of the magnetic and electric moments.The assignment of spin and parity to different energy levels is based mainly on a careful measurement of the properties of the radiation and a comparison with the corresponding theories (e.g., 27, 35, 43, 44, 59, 70, 92 101, 130, 135). A study of the cross section and of...

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Angular Correlation of Gamma-Rays

Cited by 107 publications

References 7 publications

Conventional Liposome Performance and Evaluation: Lessons from the Development of Vescan

Conventional Liposome Performance and Evaluation: Lessons from the Development of Vescan

Interference effects in quantum transitions

Angular Correlation of Nuclear Radiation

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