High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage is an important way of hydrogen energy storage and transport at present, while high-strength steel material is one of the main materials used for hydrogen storage vessels. However, their internal doping elements and inherent defects often lead to a decrease in their mechanical properties, which reduces the pressure-bearing capacity and storage life of the vessel. At present, the influence mechanism of doping elements on the mechanical properties of high-strength steels is still unclear. This paper, therefore, applies a first-principles approach to study the influence of elemental doping (Cr, Mn, Mo, As, Sb, Bi, Sn, Pb) on the mechanical properties of Fe single crystals and Fe-C systems. Results show that Mn doping among the above elements increases the elastic modulus, bulk modulus and shear modulus compared with that of pure Fe, while the remaining elements decrease them, with the non-transition metal elements having a greater effect on the three moduli than the transition metal elements. Electronic structure analysis shows that the transition metal elements have better compatibility with the Fe lattice. Molecular dynamics results further show that the injection of H atoms significantly disrupts the lattice ordering of the Fe polycrystalline doped system with C, Cr, and Mn elements, while the doping of Cr elements can significantly enhance the dislocation density of the system. In summary, this paper explores the effects of doping elements on the mechanical properties of single-crystal and polycrystalline Fe, which is of strong guiding significance for the mechanistic study of the effects of doping and defects on the strength of Fe-based materials.