Angular photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissue facial profile of Turkish adults

Abstract

One of the most important components of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning is the evaluation of the patient's soft tissue profile. The aim of this study was to develop angular photogrammetric standards for Class I Anatolian Turkish males and females. A random sample of 100 Turkish individuals (46 males and 54 females; ages 19-25 years) was obtained. The photographic set-up consisted of a tripod that held a 35 mm camera and a primary flash. The camera was used in its manual position and photographic records were taken of the subjects in natural head posture. The photographic records, 35 mm slide format, were digitized and analyzed using the Quick Ceph Image software program for Windows. Twelve measurements were digitally analyzed on each photograph. For statistical evaluation a Student's t-test was performed and the reliability of the method was analyzed. The results were compared with reported norms of facial aesthetics. The nasofrontal (G-N-Prn), nasal (Cm-Sn/N-Prn), vertical nasal (N-Prn/TV), and nasal dorsum (N-Mn-Prn) angles showed statistically insignificant gender differences (P>0.05). The nasolabial angle (Cm-Sn-Ls) demonstrated large variability. Gender differences were present in the mentolabial (Li-Sm-Pg) and cervicomental (G-Pg/C-Me) angles. The mentolabial angle showed a high method error and large variability. Facial (G-Sn-Pg) and total facial (G-Prn-Pg) convexity angles were similar, while Cm-Sn-Ls angle range was larger compared with other angles. The mean values obtained from this sample can be used for comparison with records of subjects with the same characteristics and following the same photogrammetric technique. Angular photogrammetric profile analysis can provide the orthodontist with a way of determining problems associated with various soft tissue segments of the face.

A Computer-assisted Angular Photogrammetric Analysis of the Soft Tissue Facial Profile of North Indian Adults

“…The average value of facial convexity angle (G-Sn-Pg) in the north Indian population is (168.54° ± 3.23° in males and 166.64° ± 4.09°in females) which is similar to the values given by Fernández-Riveiro 19 in white European population (168.2°± 4.96° in males and 167.0° ± 5.36° in females) and slightly less than the values given by Malkoç 21 in Turkish population (170.60° ± 6.15° in males and 168.78° ± 5.44° in females) and Anic´-Miloševic´2 0 in Caucasian population (168.78° ± 4.97°i n males and 169.05° ± 4.69° in females). It is observed that north Indian females have slightly more convex face compared to males also white European population has a slightly anterior divergent profile and hence larger angular measurements.…”

“…The mean value of nasofrontal angle (G-N-Prn) in the north Indian population is (136.71° ± 3.64° in males and 144.33° ± 1.75° in females) less in males and more in females as compared to the values given by both Fernández-Riveiro 19 Nasal tip angle (Cm-Sn/N-Prn), as evaluated in the north Indian adult population, does not show much difference between males and females, (75.09° ± 3.17° in males and 75.35° ± 3.08°i n females) which is more for males and less for females in comparison to the values given by Fernández-Riveiro 19 (72.6°± 9.04° in males and 76.28° ± 5.8° in females), whereas both the values are less than that of Anic´-Miloševic´2 0 (79.85° ± 6.36°i n males and 84.12° ± 5.20° in females) and Malkoç 21 (76.21°± 6.72° in males and 78.41° ± 9.17° in females). A sharper nasal tip in north Indian population is due to decreased nasolabial angle observed in north Indian population.…”

“…The mean value of total facial convexity angle (G-Prn-Pg) in the north Indian population is (138.62° ± 2.76° in males and 138.62° ± 2.82° in females) which is less than the values given by Fernández-Riveiro 19 in white European population (139.9°± 5.38° in males and 139.2° ± 4.48° in females) and Malkoç 21 in Turkish population (142.35° ± 6.15° in males and 142.57° ± 5.29° in females). This indicates that north Indian population has a more prominent nose along with a straighter profile compared to white European population which has a slight anterior divergence.…”

“…Many authors have photogrammetrically used soft tissue parameters and soft tissue facial analyses. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Other photographic methods to quantify facial esthetics have also been used. 22 It is not only the orthodontist but other specialists as well like prosthodontists, plastic surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, who work in the field of maxillofacial region and have the capability to change the soft tissue facial features.…”

Investigation Of Nasal Anthropometric Values Using Paranasal Tomography In Adults From Eastern Black Sea

“…nın çalışmasında rastlanmaktadır (4,5). Her iki çalışmada da cinsiyetler arasında bir farklılık olmadığı rapor edilmiştir.…”