Angular random walks of the center of gravity of the cross section of a diverging light beam

Laser beam wander in the atmosphere: implications for optical turbulence vertical profile sensing with imaging LIDAR

“…Because the beam wander is caused mostly by large-scale turbulence near the transmitter, the analysis was usually based on the geometric optics approximation (GOA) [43,44], where diffraction effects are neglected. In earlier works the GOA approach to calculate the wander of a single ray was used [45,46], and equivalent calculations of Gaussian beam wander based on the gradient of the refractive index along the beam were performed using a Huygens-Fresnel formulation [47]. However, the effects of the finite beam size were not included.…”

Beam wander analysis for focused partially coherent beams propagating in turbulence

“…[1][2][3] These beam characteristics have been studied extensively by many researchers over the last five decades through different approaches and for a variety of beam types. [4][5][6][7][8] The beam wander of a single ray was examined by Beckmann and Chernov using a geometrical optics (GO) approximation. 4,9 An expression for the wander of a Gaussian beam was first developed using a Huygens-Fresnel approach, 5 and later was derived by applying a Markovian random process approximation and Ehrenfest's theorem from quantum mechanics.…”

“…[4][5][6][7][8] The beam wander of a single ray was examined by Beckmann and Chernov using a geometrical optics (GO) approximation. 4,9 An expression for the wander of a Gaussian beam was first developed using a Huygens-Fresnel approach, 5 and later was derived by applying a Markovian random process approximation and Ehrenfest's theorem from quantum mechanics. 10,11 Eyyuboglu, Cil, and Baykal evaluated the beam wander behavior for several different beam types such as dark-hollow, flat-topped, annular, cos, and coshGaussian beams.…”