The
ability to apply force and torque directly to micro- and nanoscale
particles in optical traps has a wide range of applications. While
full control of both force and torque in three dimensions has been
realized using top-down fabrication of rod-shaped particles composed
of birefringent crystalline materials, widespread usage of such particles
is limited as the optical constants of the predominant birefringent
materials (quartz SiO2 and rutile TiO2) preclude
coverage of the full application space of optical trapping. Here,
we show that multilayer metamaterial nanoparticles provide access
to a wide range of optical constants that can be specifically tuned
for each application. Selecting the material pair Nb2O5/SiO2 from the library of amorphous dielectrics
as our metamaterial, we show that its refractive index and birefringence
can be designed by adapting the ratio of layer thicknesses. Using
a robust top-down fabrication process, we show that uniformly sized,
free-floating Nb2O5/SiO2 particles
with high birefringence at moderate refractive index are obtained
at high yield. Using an optical torque wrench, we show that these
particles function as joint force and torque transducers while maintaining
excellent stability in aqueous solutions and can be controllably optimized
for particular physical characteristics such as maximal torque transfer
or rapid response time. We expect that such customizable birefringent
metamaterial nanoparticles whose properties surpass those of conventional
crystalline particles will provide a means to unleash the full potential
of optical trapping applications.