Animal and human faecal pollution in New Zealand rivers

Donnison, A.; Ross, Colleen

doi:10.1080/00288330.1999.9516862

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Campylobacter spp. have been isolated from rivers impacted by pastoral farming and by point-source discharges of sewage and meat processing wastewaters (Donnison & Ross 1999) and there was a 60% recovery rate of thermotolerant campylobacters over two years at 25 freshwater beaches (Savill et al 2001). Epidemiological quantitative microbial risk assessment suggests that about 5% of New Zealand's cases of campylobacteriosis can be attributed to contact recreation in freshwater (Till et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential behaviour of Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. in a stream draining dairy pasture

Stott

Davies‐Colley

Nagels

et al. 2011

Journal of Water and Health

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The faecal indicator bacterium Escherichia coli and thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., which are potentially pathogenic, were investigated in the Toenepi Stream draining a pastoral catchment dominated by dairying. Bacteria concentrations were monitored routinely at fortnightly intervals over 12 months and intensively during storm events to compare the transport dynamics of bacterial indicator and pathogen under varying hydro-meteorological conditions. Routine monitoring indicated median concentrations of 345 E. coli MPN 100 ml À1 and relatively low concentrations of 2.3 Campylobacter MPN 100 ml À1 . The bacterial flux was three orders of magnitude greater under elevated stream flow compared with base-flow. E. coli peak concentrations occurred very close to the turbidity peak and consistently ahead of the Campylobacter spp. peak (which was close to the hydrograph peak). We postulate that, under flood conditions, the E. coli peak reflects the entrainment and mobilisation of in-stream stores on the flood wave front. In contrast, Campylobacter spp. are derived from wash-in from land stores upstream and have travelled at the mean water velocity which is slower than the speed of the flood wave. Our findings of different dynamics for E. coli and Campylobacter spp. suggest that mitigation to reduce faecal microbial impacts from farms will need to take account of these differences.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential behaviour of Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. in a stream draining dairy pasture

Stott

Davies‐Colley

Nagels

et al. 2011

Journal of Water and Health

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“…While there is significant evidence of the direct impact of cattle on rural waterways (6,9,11,31), sheep have nevertheless been implicated as contributors to bacterial indicator and pathogen loadings in rivers and streams (8,10,18,20). It has been suggested that the total number of Escherichia coli per hectare of pasture are higher for sheep than for cattle (30).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Escherichia coli , Enterococci, and Campylobacter spp. in Sheep Feces on Pastures

Moriarty

Mackenzie

Karki

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The survival of enteric bacteria in 10 freshly collected sheep fecal samples on pastures was measured in each of four seasons. Ten freshly collected feces were placed on pasture, and concentrations of Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Campylobacter spp. were monitored until exhaustion of the fecal samples. In all four seasons, there was an increase in enterococcal concentrations by up to 3 orders of magnitude, with peak concentrations recorded between 11 and 28 days after deposition. E. coli concentrations increased in three out of four seasons by up to 1.5 orders of magnitude, with peak concentrations recorded between 8 and 14 days after deposition. The apparent growth of E. coli and enterococci was strongly influenced by the initial water content of the feces and the moisture gained during periods of rehydration following rainfalls. Conversely, the results suggested that dehydration promoted inactivation. Campylobacter spp. did not grow and were rapidly inactivated at a rate that tended to be faster at higher temperatures. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of a selection of Campylobacter spp. suggested that these survival data are applicable to a range of Campylobacter spp., including the most frequently isolated PFGE genotype from sheep in New Zealand, and to genotypes previously observed to cause disease in humans. The results of this study are currently being incorporated into a fecal microbe reservoir model that is designed to assist water managers' abilities to estimate microbial loads on pastures grazed by sheep, including the influence of factors such as rainfall and temperature.

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“…They exhibit most characteristics of "sentinel organisms" (Phillips and Rainbow 1992), and potentially are biomonitors of ecosystem health (Jeffree et al 1995a). In New Zealand, for example, Hyridella menziesi has proven effective as a sentinel for bacteria and viruses in waters exposed to faecal pollution (Donnison and Ross 1999). Reproductive responses also may have biomonitoring applications (e.g.…”

Section: Biomonitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%