Animal biosynthesis of complex polyketides in a photosynthetic partnership

Torres, Joshua P.; Lin, Zhenjian; Winter, Jaclyn M.; Krug, Patrick J.; Schmidt, Eric W.

doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16376-5

Cited by 47 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This finding indicates that the carbon donor (malonyl-CoA) during this elongation process was 13 C-enriched and thereby preferentially provided by kleptoplasts. Torres et al [25] reported that methylmalonyl-CoA incorporating kleptoplast fixed-carbon is used by sacoglossan sea slugs in the synthesis of UV-and oxidation-blocking polypropionate pyrones by the action of FA synthase-like proteins. Pyrones could be critical for maintaining long-term photosynthetic activity in sacoglossan sea slugs by serving antioxidant and photoprotective roles [17,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthesis from stolen chloroplasts can support sea slug reproductive fitness

et al. 2021

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Some sea slugs are able to steal functional chloroplasts (kleptoplasts) from their algal food sources, but the role and relevance of photosynthesis to the animal host remain controversial. While some researchers claim that kleptoplasts are slowly digestible ‘snacks’, others advocate that they enhance the overall fitness of sea slugs much more profoundly. Our analysis shows light-dependent incorporation of 13 C and 15 N in the albumen gland and gonadal follicles of the sea slug Elysia timida , representing translocation of photosynthates to kleptoplast-free reproductive organs. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with reported roles in reproduction were produced in the sea slug cells using labelled precursors translocated from the kleptoplasts. Finally, we report reduced fecundity of E. timida by limiting kleptoplast photosynthesis. The present study indicates that photosynthesis enhances the reproductive fitness of kleptoplast-bearing sea slugs, confirming the biological relevance of this remarkable association between a metazoan and an algal-derived organelle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthesis from stolen chloroplasts can support sea slug reproductive fitness

et al. 2021

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“…Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by animal biochemistry is a barely explored, blooming field [93]. In those cases, in contrast to finding pathways from symbiotic bacteria, the tool required is transcriptomics, so that genes expressed by the animal are analyzed and subsequently their products are biochemically characterized [94].…”

Section: Discussion: the Chemistry And Chemical Potential Of Didemnummentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Metabolites of the Genus Didemnum: A Comprehensive Review of Chemical Diversity and Pharmacological Properties

et al. 2020

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Tunicates (ascidians) are common marine invertebrates that are an exceptionally important source of natural products with biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, including compounds that are used clinically in cancers. Among tunicates, the genus Didemnum is important because it includes the most species, and it belongs to the most speciose family (Didemnidae). The genus Didemnum includes the species D. molle, D. chartaceum, D. albopunctatum, and D. obscurum, as well as others, which are well known for their chemically diverse secondary metabolites. To date, investigators have reported secondary metabolites, usually including bioactivity data, for at least 69 members of the genus Didemnum, leading to isolation of 212 compounds. Many of these compounds exhibit valuable biological activities in assays targeting cancers, bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoans, and the central nervous system. This review highlights compounds isolated from genus Didemnum through December 2019. Chemical diversity, pharmacological activities, geographical locations, and applied chemical methods are described.

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“…Polypropionates with different carbon skeleton were also described from genus Siphonaria (Gastropoda: Tectipleura) such as Siphonaria baconi Reeve, 1856 (now accepted as Siphonaria zelandica Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) 43 , and Siphonaria diemenensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1833 44 . Moreover, other marine molluscs, like photosynthetic members of the order Sacoglossa, harbor a big complex of different polypropionates acting as photoprotectants and antioxidants within the slugs 45,46 . These compounds seem to be common within the Onchidiidae and are reported from various localities, including China, Hawaii, and Australia 18,44,47 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca)

Maniei

Moghaddam

Crüsemann

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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the knowledge of relationships between taxa is essential to understand and explain the chemical diversity of the respective groups. Here, twelve individuals of the panpulmonate slug Peronia persiae from two localities in persian Gulf, and one animal of P. verruculata from Bangka island, indonesia, were analyzed in a phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic framework. Based on the ABGD test and haplotype networking using coi gene sequences of Peronia specimens, nine well-supported clades were found. Haplotype network analysis highlighted a considerable distance between the specimens of P. persiae and other clades. Metabolomic analysis of both species using tandem mass spectrometrybased GnpS molecular networking revealed a large chemical diversity within Peronia of different clades and localities. While P. persiae from different localities showed a highly similar metabolome, only few identical chemical features were found across the clades. the main common metabolites in both Peronia species were assigned as polypropionate esters of onchitriols and ilikonapyrones, and osmoprotectant amino acid-betaine compounds. On the other hand, the isoflavonoids genistein and daidzein were exclusively detected in P. persiae, while cholesterol and conjugated chenodeoxycholic acids were only found in P. verruculata. flavonoids, bile acids, and amino acid-betaine compounds were not reported before from onchidiidae, some are even new for panpulmonates. our chemical analyses indicate a close chemotaxonomic relation between phylogeographically distant Peronia species. Peronia Fleming, 1822, a panpulmonate slug genus, is typically distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the Indo-Pacific ocean 1. The genus Peronia, with ten acknowledged species, has been reported from many localities ranging from the Indo-Pacific to the East Coast of Africa and to Hawaii 2-4. Due to undetected cryptic speciation, species diversity is often underestimated while the widespread distributions attributed to species is often overestimated 5. The integration of molecular and morphological methods has led to numerous discoveries of cryptic species complexes 6. This is also true for the genus Peronia, as was shown by Maniei et al. 3. To date, only three Peronia species are well investigated by molecular and/or morphology data, i.e.

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Animal biosynthesis of complex polyketides in a photosynthetic partnership

Cited by 47 publications

References 61 publications

Photosynthesis from stolen chloroplasts can support sea slug reproductive fitness

Photosynthesis from stolen chloroplasts can support sea slug reproductive fitness

Secondary Metabolites of the Genus Didemnum: A Comprehensive Review of Chemical Diversity and Pharmacological Properties

From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca)

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