Animal experimentation in snake venom research and in vitro alternatives

Sells, Paula G.

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00125-9

Cited by 50 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…In this study, eggs were used in their shells which have advantages in terms of saving time, eliminating the need for costly equipments and are also suitable for qualitative haemorrhagic tests (Sells, 2003). The haemorrhagic response of venom was dose dependent and there was an increasing tendency of bleeding when the concentration of the venom was gradually increased from 0.1 to 4.0 mg per 1.5 mL PBS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These eggs were incubated at 37.8 C and 60% humidity in an artificial incubator. The test was performed on the eggs in their shells on day 4, after spraying with 70% ethanol and air dried for 10 min to avoid contamination and rupturing of yolk (Glunder, Jantzen, & Habermehl, 2001;Kunzi, Kaskel, Steiner, Peter, & Krahn, 2001;Sells, 2003).…”

Section: Preparation Of Eggsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antihaemorrhagic potentials ofFagonia creticaagainstNaja naja karachiensis(black Pakistan cobra) venom

Razi

Asad

Khan

et al. 2011

Natural Product Research

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Plants have been extensively used as a remedy for the treatment of snake bites. The aim of this study was to determine the antivenom potentials of methanolic extract from the aerial parts (leaves and twigs) of Fagonia cretica L. on a haemorrhage induced by venom from Naja naja karachiensis. The haemorrhagic response of venom was dose dependent from 0.1 to 4.0 µg per 1.5 µL phosphate buffer saline (PBS) on vitelline veins of fertilised hens' eggs in their shells. The extract effectively eliminated and neutralised, in a dose-dependent manner, the haemorrhagic activity of snake venom. The minimum effective neutralising dose of F. cretica extract was found to be 15 µg per 1.5 µL PBS. The extract possesses potentials as haemorrhagic inhibitor against snake venom compared to the standard antiserum and various plants reported in the literature. This study also provides a scientific base for the use of F. cretica in traditional medicine for the treatment of snake bite.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preparation Of Eggsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antihaemorrhagic potentials ofFagonia creticaagainstNaja naja karachiensis(black Pakistan cobra) venom

Razi

Asad

Khan

et al. 2011

Natural Product Research

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“…They may depend on the assumption that the animal or pharmacological substrates used in the test have human counterparts and extrapolation from in vitro results to the in vivo clinical situation may be perilous. The most acceptable in vitro assays, both scientifically and ethically are those in which human tissue is used [39]. From this point of view, primary cultures from tissue biopsies appear to be the best choice for disintegrin testing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Action of the Disintegrin Contortrostatin on Breast Cancer Cell Primary Cultures

Marinou¹,

Havaki²,

Goutas³

et al. 2013

ABCR

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Integrins mediate cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM). In particular, integrin alphavbeta3 recognizes the RGD motif as a ligand-binding site on various extracellular molecules of the extracellular matrix. Integrin aphavbeta3 has been associated with high malignant potential in breast cancer cells, and has signalized the onset of widespread metastasis. In recent years, several antagonists of integrin alphavbeta3, including snake venom disintegrins, have been used as potential anti-cancer agents. In the present work, the effect of contortrostatin, a disintegrin isolated from the venom of the snake Agkistrodon contortrix, was studied on primary cultures of human breast cancer cell. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were employed in order to examine alterations in cell morphology and fluorescent microscopy and visualize changes in distribution of integrin alphavbeta3 and talin. Fluorescent localization of caspase 8 was made in order to visualize any sign of proapoptotosis and western immunoblotting of integrin, talin and annexin was undertaken in order to identify changes. The results suggest that the snake venom contortrostatin seriously affects cell morphology, adhesion and mobility and induces breast cancer cells to apoptosis.

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“…Other in vivo and in vitro tests commonly used include the elimination of venom-induced pathogenic effects such as those responsible for haemorrhage, coagulopathy (including defibrinogenation), and local necrosis [43,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53]. In vivo tests involve major suffering to the experimental animals involved and currently major efforts are being made to develop non-sentient or other alternative assays [54]. One proposed assay is the use of EIA which, in some circumstances can theoretically replace the standard lethality assay; in one study, good correlation (r = 0.96) was obtained between the rodent ED 50 test and the ED 50 as estimated using EIA [55].…”

Section: Major Roles Of Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (Elisa) mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Snakebite and the Importance of Immunological Tests in Venom Research

Theakston

Laing

2014

Toxins

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In many cases of envenoming following snake bite, the snake responsible for the accident remains unidentified; this frequently results in difficulty deciding which antivenom to administer to the systemically-envenomed victim, especially when only monospecific antivenoms are available. Normally the specific diagnosis of snake bite can be conveniently made using clinical and laboratory methods. Where clinical diagnosis depends upon the recognition of specific signs of envenoming in the patient, laboratory diagnosis is based on the changes which occur in envenomed victims including the detection of abnormalities in blood parameters, presence/absence of myoglobinuria, changes in certain enzyme levels, presence/absence of neurotoxic signs and the detection in the blood of specific venom antigens using immunologically-based techniques, such as enzyme immunoassay. It is the latter which is the main subject of this review, together with the application of techniques currently used to objectively assess the effectiveness of new and existing antivenoms, to assess first aid measures, to investigate the possible use of such methods in epidemiological studies, and to detect individual venom components. With this in mind, we have discussed in some detail how such techniques were developed and how they have helped in the treatment of envenoming particularly and in venom research in general.

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Animal experimentation in snake venom research and in vitro alternatives

Cited by 50 publications

References 76 publications

Antihaemorrhagic potentials ofFagonia creticaagainstNaja naja karachiensis(black Pakistan cobra) venom

Antihaemorrhagic potentials ofFagonia creticaagainstNaja naja karachiensis(black Pakistan cobra) venom

Action of the Disintegrin Contortrostatin on Breast Cancer Cell Primary Cultures

Diagnosis of Snakebite and the Importance of Immunological Tests in Venom Research

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