Animal Glues and Adhesives

Pearson, Charles E.

doi:10.1201/9780203912225.ch21

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Modern chemical modifications have built on this early knowledge and allowed the development of engineered wood adhesives based on bovine and porcine blood meal (Yang et al, 2006), blood protein extract (Lambuth, 2003), whey protein (Wang et al, 2011), casein (Lambuth, 2003), spent hen (a by-product of the poultry industry) protein extract (Wang & Wu, 2012), meat and bone meal protein extract (Park et al, 2000), hydrolyzed SRM extract (Mekonnen et al, 2014). Historically, animal protein-based glues were the adhesives of choice for paper manufacture and converting, bookbinding, text sizing, abrasives, gummed tape matches, and a variety of other applications (Pearson, 2013).…”

Section: Conversion Of Protein Biomass Into Wood Adhesivesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Valorization of rendering industry wastes and co-products for industrial chemicals, materials and energy: review

Mekonnen

Mussone

Bressler

2015

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology

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Over the past decades, strong global demand for industrial chemicals, raw materials and energy has been driven by rapid industrialization and population growth across the world. In this context, long-term environmental sustainability demands the development of sustainable strategies of resource utilization. The agricultural sector is a major source of underutilized or low-value streams that accompany the production of food and other biomass commodities. Animal agriculture in particular constitutes a substantial portion of the overall agricultural sector, with wastes being generated along the supply chain of slaughtering, handling, catering and rendering. The recent emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) resulted in the elimination of most of the traditional uses of rendered animal meals such as blood meal, meat and bone meal (MBM) as animal feed with significant economic losses for the entire sector. The focus of this review is on the valorization progress achieved on converting protein feedstock into bio-based plastics, flocculants, surfactants and adhesives. The utilization of other rendering streams such as fat and ash rich biomass for the production of renewable fuels, solvents, drop-in chemicals, minerals and fertilizers is also critically reviewed.

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Section: Conversion Of Protein Biomass Into Wood Adhesivesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Valorization of rendering industry wastes and co-products for industrial chemicals, materials and energy: review

Mekonnen

Mussone

Bressler

2015

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology

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“…They are produced by removing the collagen from organic animal remains, namely, animal or fish bones, or animal hides, and converting it through hydrolysis into a natural polymer. This requires a considerable investment in time and energy but is otherwise not an overly complicated process (Pearson 2003). Collagen extract is collected by boiling the animal remains in water for a prolonged period; through a process of denaturation, the collagen is converted into gelatin (Schellmann 2007).…”

Section: Animal Gluesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animal glue use has also been documented among Native Americans in North America for tasks such as glueing feathers to arrow shafts or composite bow manufacture (Campbell 1999;Mason 1894). Until the advent of synthetic polymer glues in the 1950s and 1960s, animal glues were the material of choice for woodworking, carpentry, book binding, paper making, and many other tasks (Duhamel du Monceau 1771; Hull and Bangert 1952;Keystone 1934;Pearson 2003). To be used, animal glues are soaked in warm water and heated to just below boiling temperature.…”

Section: Animal Gluesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding preservation and identification biases of ancient adhesives through experimentation

Kozowyk

Gijn

Langejans

2020

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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Adhesive production is one of the earliest forms of transformative technology, predating ceramics and metallurgy by over 150,000 years. The study of the adhesives used by Neandertals and early modern humans currently plays a significant role in debates about human technological and cognitive evolution. Depending on the type of adhesive used, different production sequences were required. These can vary in complexity and would have needed different knowledge, expertise, and resources to manufacture. However, our knowledge of this important technological development is severely hampered by poorly understood taphonomic processes, which affects the preservation and identification of adhesive materials and leads to a research bias. Here we present the results from a 3-year field preservation experiment. Flint flakes hafted and non-hafted with replica adhesives were left to weather naturally on and below the surface at two locations with different soils and climatic conditions. Differential preservation was recorded on a variety of natural adhesives by digitally measuring the surface area of each residue before and after the elapsed time. Residues were further assessed and photographed using metallographic optical microscopy. Results show that certain adhesives preserve to a significantly higher degree than others, while some materials may be more easily overlooked or visually misdiagnosed. We must therefore be aware of both taphonomic and identification biases when discussing ancient adhesive technology. This research provides a first look that will help us understand the disparities between which adhesives were used in the past and what we find in the archaeological record today.

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“…It has been reported that acid-processed glue brings to little amide group modification, while alkaline-processed glue is characterized by extensive hydrolysis of the amide groups. Harsh alkaline treatments at relatively high temperatures 2 are carried out on chromium tanned leather wastes, to remove chromium and separate the collagen to be used for the glue production. 34 A possible explanation of the higher degree of deamidation observed in pure bovine glues could be the fact that bovine skins used in their production derive from leather wastes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic Characterization of Collagen-Based Animal Glues for Restoration

et al. 2022

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Animal glues are widely used in restoration as adhesives, binders, and consolidants for organic and inorganic materials. Their variable performances are intrinsically linked to the adhesive properties of collagen, which determine the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the glue. We have molecularly characterized the protein components of a range of homemade and commercial glues using mass spectrometry techniques. A shotgun proteomic analysis provided animal origin, even when blended, and allowed us to distinguish between hide and bone glue on the basis of the presence of collagen type III, which is abundant in connective skin/leather tissues and poorly synthetized in bones. Furthermore, chemical modifications, a consequence of the preparation protocols from the original animal tissue, were thoroughly evaluated. Deamidation, methionine oxidation, and backbone cleavage have been analyzed as major collagen modifications, demonstrating their variability among different glues and showing that, on average, bone glues are less deamidated than hide glues, but more fragmented, and mixed-collagen glues are overall less deamidated than pure glues. We believe that these data may be of general analytical interest in the characterization of collagen-based materials and may help restorers in the selection of the most appropriate materials to be used in conservation treatments.

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Animal Glues and Adhesives

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Valorization of rendering industry wastes and co-products for industrial chemicals, materials and energy: review

Valorization of rendering industry wastes and co-products for industrial chemicals, materials and energy: review

Understanding preservation and identification biases of ancient adhesives through experimentation

Proteomic Characterization of Collagen-Based Animal Glues for Restoration

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