Animal Hosts and Experimental Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Parolin, Cristina; Virtuoso, Sara; Giovanetti, Marta; Angeletti, Silvia; Ciccozzi, Massimo; Borsetti, Alessândra

doi:10.1159/000515341

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The Ct value was approximately 30, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 first multiplied in the respiratory tract, causing upper respiratory infection; after SARS-CoV-2 was swallowed, it multiplied in the intestine, resulting in asymptomatic infection of the digestive tract and excretion of viral nucleic acid for a long time. As primary human airway epithelial cells and gut enterocytes are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection ( Parolin et al, 2021 ). Overall, the pediatric COVID-19 patients shed viral nucleic acid in the feces for a long time after the throat swab nucleic acid test became negative, which has also been reported previously ( Xu et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The low contagiousness and new A958D mutation of SARS-CoV-2 in children: An observational cohort study.

Chen¹,

Yao²,

Fu³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Aims To explore the contagiousness and new SARS-CoV-2 mutations in pediatric COVID-19. Methods This cohort study enrolled all pediatric patients admitted to 8 hospitals in Zhejiang Province of China between 21 January and 29 February 2020, their family members and close-contact classmates. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the features of SARS-CoV-2. Individuals were divided into 3 groups by the first-generation case: Groups 1 (unclear), 2 (adult), and 3 (child). The secondary attack rate (SAR) and R 0 were compared among the groups. Results The infection rate among 211 individuals was 64%(135/211). The SAR in Groups 2 and 3 was 71%(73/103) and 3%(1/30), respectively; the median R 0 in Groups 2 and 3 was 2 (range: 1-8) and 0 (range: 0-1), respectively. Compared with adult cases, the SAR and R 0 of pediatric cases were significantly lower (p<0.05). We obtained SARS-CoV-2 sequences from the same infant's throat and fecal samples at a two-month interval and found that the new spike protein A958D mutation detected in the stool improved thermostability theoretically. Conclusions Children have lower ability to spread SARS-CoV-2. The new A958D mutation is a potential reason for its long residence in the intestine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The low contagiousness and new A958D mutation of SARS-CoV-2 in children: An observational cohort study.

Chen¹,

Yao²,

Fu³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…The virus may have ‘spilled over’ from animals to humans led to the pandemic and the animal reservoirs could play roles in the emergence of the disease ( Parolin et al, 2021 ). Moreover, mutations play roles in zoonotic transmissions from animals to humans and vice versa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid, inexpensive methods for exploring SARS CoV-2 D614G mutation

2021

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A common mutation has occurred in the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2), known as D614G (A23403G). There are discrepancies in the impact of this mutation on the virus's infectivity. Also, the whole genome sequencings are expensive and time-consuming. This study aims to develop three fast economical assays for prompt identifications of the D614G mutation including Taqman probe-based real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT PCR), an amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) RT and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), in nasopharyngeal swab samples. Both rRT and ARMS data showed G614 mutants indicated by the presence of HEX probe and 176 bp, respectively. Additionally, the results of the RFLP data and DNA sequencings confirmed the prevalence of the G614 mutants. These methods will be important, in epidemiological, reinfections and zoonotic aspects, through detecting the G614 mutant in retro-perspective samples to track its origins and future re-emergence of D614 wild type.

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“…Mechanistic data on early immunologic events driving COVID-19 remain sparse due to limited access to human samples and the scarcity of robust small animal models. Notably, mice are resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to phylogenetic differences in ACE2 (Damas et al, 2020; Parolin et al, 2021). To circumvent the missing sensitivity of conventional mice, some groups studying SARS-CoV-2-related immune mechanisms take advantage of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, which express human ACE2 under the epithelial cytokeratin-18 (K18) promoter (Winkler et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ACE2 is the critical in vivo receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in a novel COVID-19 mouse model with TNF- and IFNγ-driven immunopathology

Gawish

Starkl

Pimenov

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Despite tremendous progress in the understanding of COVID-19, mechanistic insight into immunological, disease-driving factors remains limited. We generated maVie16, a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2, by serial passaging of a human isolate. In silico modelling revealed how Spike mutations of maVie16 enhanced interaction with murine ACE2. MaVie16 induced profound pathology in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and the resulting mouse COVID-19 (mCOVID-19) replicated critical aspects of human disease, including early lymphopenia, pulmonary immune cell infiltration, pneumonia and specific adaptive immunity. Inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNF substantially reduced immunopathology. Importantly, genetic ACE2-deficiency completely prevented mCOVID-19 development. Finally, inhalation therapy with recombinant ACE2 fully protected mice from mCOVID-19, revealing a novel and efficient treatment. Thus, we here present maVie16 as a new tool to model COVID-19 for the discovery of new therapies and show that disease severity is determined by cytokine-driven immunopathology and critically dependent on ACE2 in vivo.

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Animal Hosts and Experimental Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Cited by 17 publications

References 86 publications

The low contagiousness and new A958D mutation of SARS-CoV-2 in children: An observational cohort study.

The low contagiousness and new A958D mutation of SARS-CoV-2 in children: An observational cohort study.

Rapid, inexpensive methods for exploring SARS CoV-2 D614G mutation

ACE2 is the critical in vivo receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in a novel COVID-19 mouse model with TNF- and IFNγ-driven immunopathology

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