Animal Lentiviruses

Stover, Mitchel Graham; Watson, Ronald R.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800767-9.00020-0

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 37 publications

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“…Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) and Simian human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) are widely used for HIV/AIDS research [48,49]. While not the primary subject of this review, natural hosts for SIV (e.g., African green monkeys, Sooty Mangabeys, mandrills and chimpanzees) have informed our understanding of HIV pathogenesis and vertical transmission [49][50][51][52]. To mimic HIV-1 infection, nonnatural hosts such as Asian rhesus macaques are infected with SIV strains that induce high viral loads, progressive CD4 þ T cell depletion and opportunistic infections [49,53].…”

Section: Infant Macaque Model For Immunotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric immunotherapy and HIV control

Chinunga,

Chahroudi,

Ribeiro

2024

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

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Purpose of review Highlighting opportunities/potential for immunotherapy by understanding dynamics of HIV control during pediatric HIV infection with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART), as modeled in Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and Simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques and observed in clinical trials. This review outlines mode of transmission, pathogenesis of pediatric HIV, unique aspects of the infant immune system, infant macaque models and immunotherapies. Recent findings During the earliest stages of perinatal HIV infection, the infant immune system is characterized by a unique environment defined by immune tolerance and lack of HIV-specific T cell responses which contribute to disease progression. Moreover, primary lymphoid organs such as the thymus appear to play a distinct role in HIV pathogenesis in children living with HIV (CLWH). Key components of the immune system determine the degree of viral control, targets for strategies to induce viral control, and the response to immunotherapy. The pursuit of highly potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and T cell vaccines has revolutionized the approach to HIV cure. Administration of HIV-1-specific bNAbs, targeting the highly variable envelope improves humoral immunity, and T cell vaccines induce or improve T cell responses such as the cytotoxic effects of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells, both of which are promising options towards virologic control and ART-free remission as evidenced by completed and ongoing clinical trials. Summary Understanding early events during HIV infection and disease progression in CLWH serves as a foundation for predicting or targeting later outcomes by harnessing the immune system's natural responses. The developing pediatric immune system offers multiple opportunities for specific long-term immunotherapies capable of improving quality of life during adolescence and adulthood.

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