Animal Model Reveals Potential Waterborne Transmission of <i><scp>H</scp>elicobacter pylori</i> Infection

Boehnke, Kevin F.; Eaton, Kathryn A.; Valdivieso, Manuel; Baker, Laurence H.; Xi, Chuanwu

doi:10.1111/hel.12216

Cited by 11 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Our inability to cause infection was surprising, given the known capacity of this strain to successfully infect mice,26, 32 our wide range of exposure scenarios, and our previously published study that showed that SS1 in water could infect mice in a dose‐dependent manner 20. In our previous study, 4 weeks of exposure to water spiked with 10 9 CFU/L, 10 8 CFU/L 10 7 CFU/L, and 10 6 CFU/L of H. pylori caused infection in 39 of 40, 33 of 40, four of 38, and one of 40 mice, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…For example, a risk model of waterborne H. pylori infection using a quantitative microbial risk assessment methodology22 did not consider the VBNC form of H. pylori . Likewise, our recent study showing that constant exposure to the viable, cultural form of H. pylori in drinking water can infect mice did not account for exposure to the VBNC form 20. While previous studies found that VBNC H. pylori administered via gavage could cause infection in mice,19, 23 the gavage exposure method is not representative of exposure to drinking water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Our studies were carried out sequentially following our initial dosing experiments that examined the infectious dose of viable, culturable H. pylori in water 20. We performed four mouse experiments to assess the infectivity of VBNC H. pylori in various different exposure scenarios (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When this failed to induce infection, we did two follow‐up experiments (Table 1, experiments 2 and 3). We increased the number of days of exposure (six instead of one), and also exposed severe combined immunodeficient mice to a single day of waterborne H. pylori , hypothesizing that more doses and immunocompromised hosts would be more likely to increase infection based on the results of our previous experiments 20. When these also failed to induce infection, we increased the exposure length again and increased the number of mice to 100 to increase the likelihood of seeing infection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, H. pylori has been detected in water using various molecular biology techniques, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and microscopy methods,5, 10, 11, 12, 13 and there are reports that it has been cultured from water 14, 15, 16, 1718, 19, 20. This change is often accompanied by a morphological change from a spiral bacillus to a U‐shaped or coccoid form, and H. pylori has been found in the VBNC state in all these morphologies in the natural environment 18, 21.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduced infectivity of waterborne viable but nonculturable Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 in mice

et al. 2017

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Background Helicobacter pylori infection has been consistently associated with lack of access to clean water and proper sanitation, but no studies have demonstrated that the transmission of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) H. pylori can occur from drinking contaminated water. In this study, we used a laboratory mouse model to test whether waterborne VBNC H. pylori could cause gastric infection.Materials and MethodsWe performed five mouse experiments to assess the infectivity of VBNC H. pylori in various exposure scenarios. VBNC viability was examined using Live/Dead staining and Biolog phenotype metabolism arrays. High doses of VBNC H. pylori in water were chosen to test the “worst‐case” scenario for different periods of time. One experiment also investigated the infectious capabilities of VBNC SS1 using gavage. Further, immunocompromised mice were exposed to examine infectivity among potentially vulnerable groups. After exposure, mice were euthanized and their stomachs were examined for H. pylori infection using culture and PCR methodology.Results VBNC cells were membrane intact and retained metabolic activity. Mice exposed to VBNC H. pylori via drinking water and gavage were not infected, despite the various exposure scenarios (immunocompromised, high doses) that might have permitted infection with VBNC H. pylori. The positive controls exposed to viable, culturable H. pylori did become infected.ConclusionsWhile other studies that have used viable, culturable SS1 via gavage or drinking water exposures to successfully infect mice, in our study, waterborne VBNC SS1 failed to colonize mice under all test conditions. Future studies could examine different H. pylori strains in similar exposure scenarios to compare the relative infectivity of the VBNC vs the viable, culturable state, which would help inform future risk assessments of H. pylori in water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduced infectivity of waterborne viable but nonculturable Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 in mice

et al. 2017

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Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Kotilea

Bontems

Touati

2019

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

114

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Helicobacter pylori is a human-specific pathogen which leads to gastric pathologies including gastric cancer. It is a highly unique bacterium considered as a carcinogenic agent. H. pylori remains a major human health problem, responsible for ~90% of the gastric cancer cases. Approximately four billion individuals have been detected for H. pylori infection worldwide in 2015. At the turn of the 21 st century, the prevalence of H. pylori has been declining in highly industrialized countries of the Western world, whereas prevalence has plateaued at a high level in developing and newly industrialized countries. However, the infection status remains high in immigrants coming from countries with high prevalence of H. pylori infection. H. pylori can be diagnosed by invasive and non-invasive methods. Urea breath test and stool antigens detection are among the most commonly used non-invasive ones. Although the way H. pylori is transmitted remains still unclear, the level of contamination is strongly dependent on the familial and environmental context, with a drastic impact of living conditions with poor hygiene and sanitation. However, familial socioeconomic status is the main risk factor for H. pylori infection among children. In addition, food and water source have a high impact on the prevalence of H. pylori infection worldwide. This chapter highlights the latest knowledge in the epidemiology of H. pylori infection, its diagnosis and critical risk factors responsible for its high prevalence in some populations and geographic areas.

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Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) – A multi-talented pore-forming toxin from Helicobacter pylori

Junaid

Linn

Javadi

et al. 2016

Toxicon

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Animal Model Reveals Potential Waterborne Transmission of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Abstract: We offer proof that H. pylori in water is infectious in mice, suggesting that humans drinking contaminated water may be at risk of contracting H. pylori infection. Much work needs to be performed to better understand the risk of infection from drinking H. pylori-contaminated water.

Cited by 11 publications

References 32 publications

Reduced infectivity of waterborne viable but nonculturable Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 in mice

Reduced infectivity of waterborne viable but nonculturable Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 in mice

Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) – A multi-talented pore-forming toxin from Helicobacter pylori

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