Animal Models

Lamoreux, Lynn; Boissy, Raymond E.

doi:10.1002/9780470760116.ch33

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Recent clinical and experimental studies 9,10 support that the pathogenetic mechanisms of vitiligo could be systemic events as vitiligo is associated with ocular 2,3 and auditory abnormalities 11–15 and other autoimmune disorders particularly Hashimoto thyroiditis and Graves disease; other endocrinopathies, such as Addison disease, diabetes mellitus (DM); alopecia areata (AA); pernicious anaemia (PA); inflammatory bowel disease; psoriasis; and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome 9,16–20 . The precise cause of vitiligo remains unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of vitiligo, associated autoimmune diseases and audiological abnormalities: Ankara study of 80 patients in Turkey

Akay

Bozkir

Anadolu³

et al. 2010

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of vitiligo, associated autoimmune diseases and audiological abnormalities: Ankara study of 80 patients in Turkey

Akay

Bozkir

Anadolu³

et al. 2010

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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“…This hypothesis can be tested using animal models of vitiligo such as the Smyth chicken. The Smyth chicken expresses the major features of human vitiligo – the delayed development of cutaneous amelanosis, most commonly appearing during adolescence or at young adulthood, and variable in occurrence, location and extent [ 23 ]. The etiology of vitiligo in the Smyth chicken appears to include an inherent defect in the melanocytes and an associated autoimmune response [ 24 ].…”

Section: V) Testing This Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenytoin as a novel anti-vitiligo weapon

Namazi

2005

J Autoimmune Dis

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Vitiligo is a psychologically devastating clinical conundrum which affects approximately 1% of the general population. The exact cause of the illness is an enigma, but several hypotheses about its pathogenesis are advanced.The autoimmune hypothesis proposes an autoimmune attack against melanocytes. Although anti-melanocyte autoantibodies have been demonstrated in vitiligo, recent research casts doubt on their pathogenic role and instead supports the involvement of cell-mediated autoimmune response in the pathobiology of this disorder, which is characterized by increase of suppressor T-cells and decrease of the helper/suppressor ratio in association with the presence of type-1 cytokine secreting cytotoxic T cells in the vicinity of disappearing melanocytes.The neural hypothesis proposes that increased release of norepinephrine, a melanocytotoxin, from the autonomic nerve endings in the microenvironment of melanocytes injures these cells. Moreover, norepinephrine induces the catecholamine degrading enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), which favors the formation of toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide in the vicinity of melanocytes.Another theory suggests that abnormal permeability of melanosome membrane, which normally prevents the diffusion of toxic melanin precursors into the cytoplasm, may cause melanocyte damage.Phenytoin, the widely-used anticonvulsant, has been employed both topically and systemically in the treatment of some dermatological disorders. The drug has been shown to significantly suppress mitogen-induced activation of lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and to polarize the immune response toward the type-2 pathway. It also significantly decreases suppressor T cells and increases the helper/suppressor ratio.At high concentrations, the drug inhibits the release of norepinephrine and the activity of MAO. Moreover, phenytoin is suggested to interact with membrane lipids, which may promote stabilization of the membranes.The hydantoin moiety of phenytoin exerts a direct stimulatory action on melanocytes; facial hyperpigmentation is a recognized side effect of orally administered phenytoin.Altogether, the above evidence suggests that phenytoin could be therapeutically effective against vitiligo. As phenytoin stimulates collagen production and inhibits its breakdown, its concomitant use with topical steroids could prevent steroid-induced skin atrophy while potentiating the anti-vitiligo effect of these agents.

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Audiological and Electrophysiological Changes in Patients with Vitiligo

Arya

Munjal

Panda

et al. 2015

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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The study was conducted to evaluate the audiological and electrophysiological findings in patients with Vitiligo and to compare the findings with otologically and audiologically normal controls. Study group included 50 subjects (25 Males, 25 Females) with Vitiligo (Mean age-27.4 years) and control group contained 40 age-matched normal hearing subjects. Pure tone audiometry (PTA) with extended high frequency audiometry, Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), Tympanometry, Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and Middle latency responses (MLR) were conducted in all subjects. Comparison of the study group with the control group showed statistically significant differences (p \ 0.05) on PTA, in Transient otoacoustic emissions (TOAEs) at 1, 2, 3, 4 kHz and in distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) at 357, 499, 704, 1003 Hz. On ABR, statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in wave I (p \ 0.01) in both ears, wave V (p \ 0.05) in left ear and on interpeak latency of I-III (p \ 0.01, p \ 0.05), III-V (p \ 0.01 in left ear) and I-V (p \ 0.01, p \ 0.05) in left and right ears respectively. When patients with localized vitiligo were compared with generalized vitiligo, the SNR of TOAEs was highly significant in both ears at 2 KHz (p \ 0.05), 3 kHz (p \ 0.01) and 4 kHz (p \ 0.05). PTA average of 2 KHz, 4 and 8 kHz (PTA2) showed a significant difference (p \ 0.01) when localized vitiligo was compared to generalized vitiligo. Results support possible auditory and electrophysiological changes in Vitiligo patients along with decreased cochlear function.

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Animal Models

Cited by 3 publications

References 67 publications

Epidemiology of vitiligo, associated autoimmune diseases and audiological abnormalities: Ankara study of 80 patients in Turkey

Epidemiology of vitiligo, associated autoimmune diseases and audiological abnormalities: Ankara study of 80 patients in Turkey

Phenytoin as a novel anti-vitiligo weapon

Audiological and Electrophysiological Changes in Patients with Vitiligo

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