Animal Models

Characterization of an improved double hemorrhage rat model for the study of delayed cerebral vasospasm

“…generally been regarded as a poor model for study of delayed cerebral vasospasm (Macdonald and Weir, 2001;Meguro et al, 2001;Megyesi et al, 2000). However, based on the observation that the severity of cerebral vasospasm appears exponentially related to subarachnoid blood volume (Findlay et al, 1989;Kistler et al, 1983), several studies using a double hemorrhage model with cisterna magna injection have been performed in rats in recent years and could demonstrate angiographic and morphological changes of cerebral arteries similar to delayed vasospasm (Table 1).…”

Influence of neurovascular anatomy on perforation site in different mouse strains using the filament perforation model for induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage

“…Furthermore, the temporal progress of LVV in mice differs from that in humans: in mice LVV peaks between day 2–3 after SAH [ 10 ], compared to days 7–10 in humans [ 30 , 31 ]. One of the reasons for this difference might be the lissencephalic structure of the murine brain [ 6 , 32 , 33 ], which has been discussed to support clearance of the subarachnoid blood, while this process in gyrencephalic primates might take longer. Detailed information about the rate of clot clearance in mice after SAH, however, is hard to find in the literature.…”

Delayed Intracranial Delivery of a Nitric Oxide Donor from a Controlled-release Polymer Prevents Experimental Cerebral Vasospasm in Rabbits

“…Experimental vasospasm has been reliably induced in this rabbit model by our group and others using the modified technique described by Chan et al (8). Peak vasospasm in this model occurs at 72 hours, and adequate correlation has been demonstrated between angiographic vasospasm and perfusion-fixed cross sections of the basilar artery (35). Advantages of this model include analysis of an intracranial vessel, a standardized volume of SAH, sufficient amounts of tissue for histopathological analysis, high reproducibility, and low cost.…”

“…Advantages of this model include analysis of an intracranial vessel, a standardized volume of SAH, sufficient amounts of tissue for histopathological analysis, high reproducibility, and low cost. Disadvantages of this model include the development of subacute vasospasm (Day 3 compared with human peak vasospasm, which occurs 7-10 d after SAH [48,64]), and the absence of neurological deficits after vasospasm, a drawback shared by all animal models of posthemorrhagic vasospasm (35,41).…”

“…We have previously shown in the rat femoral artery model of chronic posthemorrhagic vasospasm that delayed treatment with DETA-NO prevents vasospasm (66). This model, however, uses a peripheral vessel, and its application to SAH is often questioned (35,41).…”