Animal models for diabetes insipidus

Mahía, Javier; Bernal, Antonio

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00020-8

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…It contains neurons with dendritic processes that extend throughout the ependymal layer of the IIIV, a position that facilitates the response to certain molecules and neuroactive substances in CSF [ 118 , 119 , 120 ]. Some of its efferents project to the magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus (mPVN) and supraoptic nucleus, hypothalamic structures that are responsible for the synthesis of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXY) [ 7 ]. Thus, activation of TM cells was found to produce the depolarization of mPVN and SON [ 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 ] and the release of ADH and OXY into the posterior pituitary, from where they accessed the general circulation to modulate kidney function [ 127 , 128 , 129 ].…”

Section: Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hormone responsible for these effects is ADH, which is synthesized in the somata of magnocellular neurons of hypothalamic paraventricular (mPVN), supraoptic (SON), and accessory neurosecretory nuclei. Their axons pass through the median eminence (ME), forming the neurohypophyseal stalk, and terminate in the posterior pituitary, entering the circulation thereafter [ 7 , 212 ].…”

Section: Physiological Mechanism: Kidney and Sodium Excretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CDI has been treated with ADH analogs [ 232 ], although nephrectomy does not prevent the polyuric response [ 233 ], indicating the implication of additional factors. In this regard, most alterations caused by CDI affect the secretion of both ADH and OXY [ 7 , 212 , 232 , 234 , 235 , 236 ], suggesting the possible involvement of OXY.…”

Section: Physiological Mechanism: Kidney and Sodium Excretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Almost all the remaining body fluid is contained in intracellular fluid (ICF), which has a lower concentration of Na (10 mOsm/L) [ 6 ]. Given that the maintenance of these water and Na levels is essential for adequate cell functioning and because the cell membrane has low permeability to solutes, water moves by osmosis from areas of lower to higher solute concentration to equalize osmotic ECF and ICF concentrations [ 7 , 8 ]. Hence, Na is essential to maintain electrolyte and water balances (hydromineral regulation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two biological mechanisms can alter the Na balance and hydromineral homeostasis [ 7 ] (see Figure 1 ). The first is largely determined by the intake of NaCl, which accumulates in the extracellular space and leads to the displacement of water from cell to extracellular space, producing cell dehydration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium Homeostasis, a Balance Necessary for Life

et al. 2023

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Body sodium (Na) levels must be maintained within a narrow range for the correct functioning of the organism (Na homeostasis). Na disorders include not only elevated levels of this solute (hypernatremia), as in diabetes insipidus, but also reduced levels (hyponatremia), as in cerebral salt wasting syndrome. The balance in body Na levels therefore requires a delicate equilibrium to be maintained between the ingestion and excretion of Na. Salt (NaCl) intake is processed by receptors in the tongue and digestive system, which transmit the information to the nucleus of the solitary tract via a neural pathway (chorda tympani/vagus nerves) and to circumventricular organs, including the subfornical organ and area postrema, via a humoral pathway (blood/cerebrospinal fluid). Circuits are formed that stimulate or inhibit homeostatic Na intake involving participation of the parabrachial nucleus, pre-locus coeruleus, medial tuberomammillary nuclei, median eminence, paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, and other structures with reward properties such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central amygdala, and ventral tegmental area. Finally, the kidney uses neural signals (e.g., renal sympathetic nerves) and vascular (e.g., renal perfusion pressure) and humoral (e.g., renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, cardiac natriuretic peptides, antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin) factors to promote Na excretion or retention and thereby maintain extracellular fluid volume. All these intake and excretion processes are modulated by chemical messengers, many of which (e.g., aldosterone, angiotensin II, and oxytocin) have effects that are coordinated at peripheral and central level to ensure Na homeostasis.

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