“…COVID-19 involves complex host-pathogen interactions; therefore, it is necessary to develop animal models that can provide measurable readouts for potential interventions ( Johansen et al, 2020 ; Muñoz-Fontela et al, 2020 ; Villano, 2021 ; Choudhary et al, 2022 ). To rapidly evaluate these potential medical countermeasures, such as therapeutic drugs and preventive vaccines, animal models that were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection are invaluable ( Zeiss et al, 2021 ; Choudhary et al, 2022 ; Fan et al, 2022 ; Golden et al, 2022 ; Qi and Qin, 2022 ; Rizvi et al, 2022 ; Zhao et al, 2022 ). However, wild-type mice do not support SARS-CoV-2 replication due to the incompatibility of mouse ACE2 with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 ( Yang et al, 2007 ; Golden et al, 2020 ; Oladunni et al, 2020 ).…”