Animal salmonelloses: a brief review of “host adaptation and host specificity” of Salmonella spp.

Abstract

Salmonella enterica, the most pathogenic species of the genus Salmonella, includes more than 2,500 serovars, many of which are of great veterinary and medical significance. The emergence of food-borne pathogens, such as Salmonella spp., has increased knowledge about the mechanisms helping microorganisms to persist and spread within new host populations. It has also increased information about the properties they acquire for adapting in the biological environment of a new host. The differences observed between serovars in their host preference and clinical manifestations are referred to as "serovar-host specificity" or "serovar-host adaptation". The genus Salmonella, highly adaptive to vertebrate hosts, has many pathogenic serovars showing host specificity. Serovar Salmonella Typhi, causing disease to man and higher primates, is a good example of host specificity. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that Salmonella serovars use to overcome animal species' barriers or adapt to new hosts is also important for understanding the origins of any other infectious diseases or the emergence of new pathogens. In addition, molecular methods used to study the virulence determinants of Salmonella serovars, could also be used to model ways of studying the virulence determinants used by bacteria in general, when causing disease to a specific animal species.

A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance

“…This phenomenon is referred to as “serovar host specificity” or “serovar host adaptation.” For instance, serovars Dublin and Choleraesuis, which are consistently associated with salmonellosis respectively in cattle and pigs [121]. Therefore, host adaptation or specificity is the ability of the particular organism to cause disease in a particular animal population regardless of the degree of pathogenicity it exhibits for a different animal host [119]. An example is the serovar Choleraesuis considered a pig-adapted serovar because it persists in pig populations and not because it causes the severest disease in swine compared to man [121].…”

Genetic and metabolic signatures of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica associated with animal sources at the pangenomic scale

“…The molecular mechanisms of host adaptation driven by the evolution were revealed by conventional molecular biology highlighting that S. enterica subsp. enterica extended over a wide range of hosts including birds, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, bovines, pigs and others [14]. Since the divergence from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) with Escherichia coli approximately 100–160 million years ago [15], the coevolution of Salmonella and animal hosts during millions of years, has led to the acquisition of genes required for intestinal infection (i.e.…”

Phenotypes and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella isolated from retail chicken and pork in Changchun, China

“…Salmonella is one of the world's most important food‐borne pathogens. More than 2,500 serovars comprise the Salmonella genus (Evangelopoulou, Kritas, Govaris, & Burriel, ), and new serovars are regularly described (Guibourdenche et al, ). Despite the many measures currently implemented in food production, salmonellosis is the second most commonly reported zoonosis.…”