Animal Studies on the Mechanisms of Low-Intensity Transcranial Electric Stimulation

Sharma, Mahima; Farahani, Forouzan; Bikson, Marom; Parra, Lucas C.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76136-3_5

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 193 publications

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“…Preliminary studies suggest that preconditioning the target area with tDCS may alter the effects of subsequent rTMS protocols in a manner that generates more robust outcomes ( Hurley & Machado, 2017 ). Similar results were also observed in animal models, in which researchers found that anodal DCS augmented long-term potentiation (LTP) outcomes whereas cathodal DCS seemed to not affect it ( Sharma et al, 2021 ). While these are promising findings, studies combining NIBS protocols in humans have focused primarily on evaluating cortical excitability, a brain outcome that is relatively easier to measure than the ones available for the DLPFC.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Transcranial direct current stimulation versus intermittent theta-burst stimulation for the improvement of working memory performance

Razza

Luethi

Zanão

et al. 2023

International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Transcranial direct current stimulation versus intermittent theta-burst stimulation for the improvement of working memory performance

Razza

Luethi

Zanão

et al. 2023

International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology

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“…For example, in a lissencephalic brain, the brain regions under the stimulating electrodes are exposed to an radially-inward (anodal) and radially-outward (cathodal) direct current flow, and the intermediate brain regions are exposed to a tangentially-direct current flow [ 91 ]. For the folded cortex, current crossing across the gyri can create a highly mixed pattern of directionality, even directly under electrodes [ 92 , 93 ]. The technical and methodological aspect of the recording .…”

Section: Technical Issues and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microglia are immune cells in the CNS, with a fundamental and neuroinflammatory response [ 125 ]. Animal evidence suggests that tES modulates neuroinflammation, depending on the intensity of it and the pre-existing inflammatory condition [ 93 ], although the role of stimulation polarity is still unclear [ 86 ]. However, anodal tDCS reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in aa rat model of vascular dementia [ 126 ], while a cathodal tDCS attenuated the activation of the astrocyte and microglia [ 127 ], downregulated the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors [ 127 , 128 , 129 ] and upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 [ 127 ] in rat models of stroke and of epilepsy [ 128 ].…”

Section: Clinical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, anodal tDCS reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in aa rat model of vascular dementia [ 126 ], while a cathodal tDCS attenuated the activation of the astrocyte and microglia [ 127 ], downregulated the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors [ 127 , 128 , 129 ] and upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 [ 127 ] in rat models of stroke and of epilepsy [ 128 ]. The oligodendrocytes’ response to DCS is quite unknown [ 93 ], although ACS and anodal DCS might promote the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte-specific progenitors [ 130 , 131 ].…”

Section: Clinical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electric Fields Induced in the Brain by Transcranial Electric Stimulation: A Review of In Vivo Recordings

Guidetti

Arlotti²,

Bocci

et al. 2022

Biomedicines

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Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques, such as direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), cause neurophysiological and behavioral modifications as responses to the electric field are induced in the brain. Estimations of such electric fields are based mainly on computational studies, and in vivo measurements have been used to expand the current knowledge. Here, we review the current tDCS- and tACS-induced electric fields estimations as they are recorded in humans and non-human primates using intracerebral electrodes. Direct currents and alternating currents were applied with heterogeneous protocols, and the recording procedures were characterized by a tentative methodology. However, for the clinical stimulation protocols, an injected current seems to reach the brain, even at deep structures. The stimulation parameters (e.g., intensity, frequency and phase), the electrodes’ positions and personal anatomy determine whether the intensities might be high enough to affect both neuronal and non-neuronal cell activity, also deep brain structures.

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“…Instead of generating action potentials, tACS causes rhythmic fluctuations in the membrane voltage of neurons [12]. This subthreshold polarization leads to changes in spike timing [3,13,14] and neural oscillations [4]. Therefore, characterizing the membrane polarization between neocortical cell types and subcellular elements systematically is of great significance for a comprehensive understanding of the cellular mechanisms of tACS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency-dependent membrane polarization across neocortical cell types and subcellular elements by transcranial alternating current stimulation

Huang,

Wei,

Wang

et al. 2024

J. Neural Eng.

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Objective. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that directly interacts with ongoing brain oscillations in a frequency-dependent manner. However, it remains largely unclear how the cellular effects of tACS vary between cell types and subcellular elements. Approach. In this study, we use a set of morphologically realistic models of neocortical neurons to simulate the cellular response to uniform oscillating electric fields (EFs). We systematically characterize the membrane polarization in the soma, axons, and dendrites with varying field directions, intensities, and frequencies. Main results. Pyramidal cells are more sensitive to axial EF that is roughly parallel to the cortical column, while interneurons are sensitive to axial EF and transverse EF that is tangent to the cortical surface. Membrane polarization in each subcellular element increases linearly with EF intensity, and its slope, i.e., polarization length, highly depends on the stimulation frequency. At each frequency, pyramidal cells are more polarized than interneurons. Axons usually experience the highest polarization, followed by the dendrites and soma. Moreover, a visible frequency resonance presents in the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells, while the other subcellular elements primarily exhibit low-pass filtering properties. In contrast, each subcellular element of interneurons exhibits complex frequency-dependent polarization. Polarization phase in each subcellular element of cortical neurons lags that of field and exhibits high-pass filtering properties. These results demonstrate that the membrane polarization is not only frequency-dependent, but also cell type- and subcellular element-specific. Through relating effective length and ion mechanism with polarization, we emphasize the crucial role of cell morphology and biophysics in determining the frequency-dependent membrane polarization. Significance. Our findings highlight the diverse polarization patterns across cell types as well as subcellular elements, which provide some insights into the tACS cellular effects and should be considered when understanding the neural spiking activity by tACS.

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Animal Studies on the Mechanisms of Low-Intensity Transcranial Electric Stimulation

Cited by 5 publications

References 193 publications

Transcranial direct current stimulation versus intermittent theta-burst stimulation for the improvement of working memory performance

Transcranial direct current stimulation versus intermittent theta-burst stimulation for the improvement of working memory performance

Electric Fields Induced in the Brain by Transcranial Electric Stimulation: A Review of In Vivo Recordings

Frequency-dependent membrane polarization across neocortical cell types and subcellular elements by transcranial alternating current stimulation

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