Animation Techniques in Human-Robot Interaction User Studies

Abstract

There are many different ways a robot can move in Human-Robot Interaction. One way is to use techniques from film animation to instruct the robot to move. This article is a systematic literature review of human-robot trials, pilots, and evaluations that have applied techniques from animation to move a robot. Through 27 articles, we find that animation techniques improves individual's interaction with robots, improving individual's perception of qualities of a robot, understanding what a robot intends to do, and showing the robot's state, or possible emotion. Animation techniques also help people relate to robots that do not resemble a human or robot. The studies in the articles show further areas for research, such as applying animation principles in other types of robots and situations, combining animation techniques with other modalities, and testing robots moving with animation techniques over the long term.

Differences of Human Perceptions of a Robot Moving using Linear or Slow in, Slow out Velocity Profiles When Performing a Cleaning Task

“…Animation principles and techniques have been used make robots' movement easier to understand to people interacting with the robot [10]. For example, a video study used the principles of Anticipation and Follow Through and Overlapping Action to make it easier for viewers to understand what a non-humanoid robot was intending to do [11].…”

Visual Programming Environments for End-User Development of intelligent and social robots, a systematic review

“…Our protocol for performing a systematic review is based on recent and relevant systematic reviews with similar objectives and domain areas. Specifically, we follow [80] , which focuses on the area of human-robot interaction, and [20] , which focuses on the area of EUD. As described in [45,79] , and applied in [80] , the process involved in a systematic review consists of five parts: (S1) definition of the review protocol , whereby the research questions are careful defined as well as the methods used to answer them; (S2) definition of the search strategy , which aims at identifying the relevant research articles in the field; (S3) documentation of the search process , whereby readers are able to evaluate how completely and rigorously the search process has been performed; (S4) specification of inclusion and exclusion criteria, which are used to select core articles in the field; and (S5) a report of relevant data or information from each research article or software tool.…”

“…The search was carried out in well-established databases in the field of intelligent robotics systems, namely IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, ACM Digital Library, Springer Link and Web of Science. Examples of other systematic reviews focusing on Robotics applications and methods using these sources are [80,85,86] . The time period of publications covered is between 2008 and 2018.…”

Mixed-Reality Robotic Games: Design Guidelines for Effective Entertainment With Consumer Robots

“…Concerning movement style, this is a broad way to refer to concepts like, e.g., trajectory planning, holonomicity, movement speed and control accuracy as just the final effect that the player experiences during the game [22]. For instance, the usual practice of making robots follow lines [13], a curved line helps in improving the RIF more than a broken line, because the robot tends to appear as more lifelike.…”