Non-aqueous redox flow batteries hold promise as a technology
for
electrochemical energy storage based on the large potential window
of organic solvents compared to that of their aqueous counterparts.
However, to date, the realization of this promise has been limited
by a dearth of redox active molecules that leverage the full potential
window of non-aqueous solvents. This report addresses this challenge
through the development of an organic storage material based on the
benzotriazole scaffold. Using a combination of iterative molecular
design, organic synthesis, electrochemical evaluation, and density
functional theory, a 2-aryl benzotriazole derivative is developed
that exhibits a redox potential below −2 V (−2.3 V vs
ferrocene/ferrocenium), a ≥0.4 M solubility in the electrolyte
solution in all oxidation states, and stable electrochemical cycling
in a prototype flow battery (≤90% capacity retention over 100
cycles, which represents approximately 505 h of cycling).