Anise oil as para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) precursor

Waumans, Dieter; Bruneel, Noël; Tytgat, Jan

doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00063-x

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…[29] It is largely used Pb-AEO as a substrate for the synthesis of various substances of neuro-pharmaceutical interest, such, as, anticonvulsant and sedative drugs. [30] The present findings show that Pb exposure during the pregnancy and lactation period causes a loss of both body and brain weight. This shows that Pb induces reduction of food intake, which is due to the action of Pb on certain neuro-centers responsible for the control of hunger in the brain.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Neuro beneficial effects of Pimpinella anisum against lead exposure

Khaled¹,

Slimani²,

Adli³

et al. 2013

Int J Green Pharm

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Background:The essential oil of Pimpinella anisum has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including some neurological disorders. Aims: This study was aimed to test, in vivo, the possible anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, of the essential oil of Pimpinella anisum against chronic lead acetate (0.2%) intoxication during the gestation and lactation period, in Wistar rat pups. Settings and Design: Wistar rat pups were exposed to lead via their dams' drinking water from postnatal day (PND) 1 to (PND) 21. After weaning, the lead-exposed rats received injections of essential oil of Pimpinella anisum (0.5 ml/kg) for 15 days. The level of anxiety, depression and locomotor activity were studied. Materials and Methods: The behaviours evaluated were: Locomotor activity (open-field test), anxiety (dark and light compartment and elevated plus maze tests), and depression (forced swimming test). Statistical Analysis: The data were analysed by two-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs). When a significant difference was found, the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test was conducted. For all analyses, the difference was considered to be significant at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The results of the present study demonstrate that developmental lead exposure induces, on the one hand, impairments of body (P < 0.001) and brain weight (P < 0.05), respectively, and on the other hand, increases the level of anxiety (P < 0.001), depression (P < 0.001) and locomotor hyperactivity (P < 0.001), compared to control rats. Administration of the essential oil of Pimpinella anisum entrains reduction in the level of anxiety (P < 0.001), depression (P < 0.001) and correct locomotor hyperactivity (P < 0.001) in rats exposed to lead beforehand. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results demonstrate that developmental lead exposure induces significant perturbation of emotional reactivity that can be improved by treatment with the essential oil of Pimpinella anisum. Further evaluation of the use of anise oil in the treatment of neurological disorders is suggested.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Neuro beneficial effects of Pimpinella anisum against lead exposure

Khaled¹,

Slimani²,

Adli³

et al. 2013

Int J Green Pharm

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“…Possibly the antimicrobial effects of SL-1, SL-2 and SL-3 oils can be linked to the main component (E)-anethole ( Figure 1). Also, this compound was used as chemical precursor of paramethoxyamphetamine in the clandestine manufacture of amphetamines [47]. It is well known that anethole is therapeutically an important compound, which was reported to have strong anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiplatelet activities among others [48][49][50][51][52][53].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil and Antimicrobial Activity of Scaligeria DC. Taxa and Implications for Taxonomy

Baldemir¹,

Demırcı²,

Paksoy³

et al. 2017

Rec. Nat. Prod.

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Six different Scaligeria DC. taxa (Apiaceae) essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation from herba with the flowers collected from different sites from Turkey. The oils were analyzed and characterized by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) simultaneously. A total of 133 different compounds were identified and relative qualitative and quantitative differences were observed among the evaluated samples. Analytical profiles of the Scaligeria EOs showed characteristic differences in terms of different main chemical constituents, between the two taxa S. lazica Boiss. and S. tripartita (Kalen.) Tamamsch; and S. napiformis (Sprengel) Grande, S. meifolia (Fenzl) Boiss., S. capillifolia Post, S. hermonis Post, S. glaucescens (DC.) Boiss. taxa, respectively. The main component germacrene D can be utilized as marker for the chemical discrimination of the Scaligeria genus. In addition, Scaligeria EOs were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei) standard strains by using a micro-dilution assay. As a general result, the oils showed moderate inhibitory range when compared with standard antimicrobial agents.

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“…Other distinctly present and previously described impurities are 4-methoxyphenol [10] (A) as anethole peroxidation marker, and 4-methyl-5-(4'-methoxyphenyl) pyrimidine [8] (C) as Leuckart reaction marker. The retrieval of 4-methoxyphenyl-2-propanol (B) points at the reduction of (4), which can occur during the Leuckart reaction as well [9].…”

Section: Screening For 24-dimethyl-35-bis(4'-methoxyphenyl) Tetrahymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The [10]. The screened preparations include two brownish powders (seized from different sources), a capsule containing a similarly appearing brownish powder, and a beige tablet bearing an 'xTc'-logo.…”

Section: Screening For 24-dimethyl-35-bis(4'-methoxyphenyl) Tetrahymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blachut et al [6,7], Kirkbride et al [8] and Coumbaros et al [9] have recently contributed to the structural elucidation of Leuckart-specific PMA contaminants. Our research group has demonstrated that anethole, a major compound in (star) anise oil, can be used as precursor for 4-methoxyphenyl-2-propanone (PMP2P), which will yield PMA via the Leuckart reaction [10]. Furthermore, it was also specified how 4-methoxyphenol was formed as specific impurity during the peracid oxidation of anethole.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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