Anisometry Measurements in Carbon Black Aggregate Populations

Abstract

Transmission electron microscopy with automated image analysis (TEM/AIA) was used to characterize the three-dimensional morphology and anisometry of carbon black aggregates. Individual carbon black aggregates were imaged at multiple goniometer angles, and their three-dimensional aggregate structure was modeled, yielding greatly enhanced morphological information. Aggregate size distributional properties were determined at multiple goniometer orientations for N300 and N600 series grades of varying aggregate structure levels. Aggregate projections were found to exhibit statistical decreases of 10 to 25% in area and perimeter with rotation. Decreases in other morphological parameters, including non-dimensional shape parameters, were also observed. In general, higher structure grades (aggregates) were found to display larger relative changes in morphological parameters with rotation than lower structure grades. Ramifications for conventional TEM/AIA and void-volume/polymer occlusion capacity measurements are addressed. Further analysis includes an assessment of aggregate anisometry on the TEM sample grid and new insights into the three dimensional nature of carbon black aggregate structure.

Influence of Extender Oil on Properties of Solution Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Composites

“…Weights of the dried samples were measured. The core shell bound rubber contents were also calculated by the equation (3). When part of the sample was washed away during the experiment, the bound rubber contents were measured using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to reduce the experimental errors.…”

“…Weights of the dried samples were measured. The primary layer bound rubber contents were also calculated by the equation (3). Difference between the total and primary layer bound rubber contents is the secondary bound rubber content.…”

“…Carbon black and silica are the most popular reinforcing fillers in rubber compounds. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] One of common usages of SBR is manufacturing of tire tread and SSBR is usually used for silica-filled rubber compounds. [10][11][12][13] Silica has a number of silanol groups, which results in poor silica dispersion in a rubber compound.…”

Water swelling behaviors of silica-reinforced NBR composites in deionized water and salt solution

“…Along with carbon black, silica is one of the most popular reinforcing agents in rubber compounds [9][10][11][12][13]. Since silica has a number of hydroxyl groups (silanol, Si-OH) and intermolecular hydrogen bonds between silanol groups on the silica surface are very strong, it can aggregate tightly so that it causes a poor dispersion of silica in a rubber compound and it can absorb water [13][14][15].…”

Structure aggregation of carbon black in ethylene-propylene diene polymer

“…These aggregations take various shapes which may be spherical or ellipsoidal with different major and minor axes [1]. Several aggregates connect through Van der Waals forces to give weak, giant assembled called agglomerates [2][3][4]. Several authors investigated and discussed the structure of these aggregates by using several techniques such as relating the modulus of unfilled rubber to that of filled rubber [5,6], scanning electron microscope [7,8] and Transmission electron microscopy TEM [9].…”