“…The stress singularity at the crack tip enhances at the large scale the local mechanisms of interaction between a crack and inclusions, which have been extensively studied in the past few decades (e.g. crack trapping (Gao and Rice, 1989;Bower and Ortiz, 1990;Vasoya et al, 2016), crack deflection (Faber and Evans, 1983;He and Hutchinson, 1989;Clayton and Knap, 2014;Brach et al, 2019;Lebihain et al, 2020), crack shielding by micro-cracking (Evans and Faber, 1981;Ortiz, 1987), crack denucleation/renucleation (Leguillon et al, 2006;Hossain et al, 2014;Wang and Xia, 2017) and crack bridging (Bower and Ortiz, 1991;Mirkhalaf et al, 2014)). These pioneering works provide a detailed description of the conditions under which one mechanism prevails over one another as well as its ultimate contribution to the material reinforcement.…”