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Folen, V. J.; Rado, George T.; Stalder, E. W.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.6.607

Cited by 549 publications

(256 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Vertical PFM in single frequency mode was also performed in the same area; however the vertical response is much lower than the in-plane response and mostly at noise level. This is because of the fundamental fact that most of the polarization (and hence piezoresponse) in these highly-oriented Aurivillius grains lies 29 in the plane of the sample. Occasionally some vertical response is observed, which is due to the presence of some grains which have a significant out-of-plane orientation.…”

Section: (4) Evidence For Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Coupling In B6mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ferromagnetic polarization) induces a switching of the other order parameter (in this example ferroelectric polarization). Examples of single-phase magnetoelectrics include: Cr 2 O 3 (<260 K) 29 , CuO (<230 K) 30 , TbMnO 3 (<27 K) 31 , Ni 3 B 7 O 13 I (<64 K) 32 , DyMn 2 O 5 (<43 K) 33 . The synthesis of novel room temperature single-phase magnetoelectric multiferroic materials is particularly appealing, not only because they have two sets of interesting physical properties with 4 polarization states (positive and negative in both electrical and magnetic polarizations), but also because the multiferroic coupling interactions could lead to a range of potential applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetic Field‐Induced Ferroelectric Switching in Multiferroic Aurivillius Phase Thin Films at Room Temperature

et al. 2013

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Single-phase multiferroic materials are of considerable interest for future memory and sensing applications. Thin films of Aurivillius phase Bi7Ti3Fe3O21 and Bi6Ti2.8Fe1.52Mn0.68O18 (possessing six and five perovskite units per half-cell, respectively) have been prepared by chemical solution deposition on c-plane sapphire. Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry reveal Bi7Ti3Fe3O21 to be antiferromagnetic (TN = 190 K) and weakly ferromagnetic below 35 K, however, Bi6Ti2.8Fe1.52Mn0.68O18 gives a distinct room-temperature in-plane ferromagnetic signature (Ms = 0.74 emu/g, μ0Hc =7 mT). Microstructural analysis, coupled with the use of a statistical analysis of the data, allows us to conclude that ferromagnetism does not originate from second phase inclusions, with a confidence level of 99.5%. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) demonstrates room-temperature ferroelectricity in both films, whereas PFM observations on Bi6Ti2.8Fe1.52Mn0.68O18 show Aurivillius grains undergo ferroelectric domain polarization switching induced by an applied magnetic field. Here, we show for the first time that Bi6Ti2.8Fe1.52Mn0.68O18 thin films are both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic and, demonstrate magnetic field-induced switching of ferroelectric polarization in individual Aurivillius phase grains at room temperature

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Section: (4) Evidence For Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Coupling In B6mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Field‐Induced Ferroelectric Switching in Multiferroic Aurivillius Phase Thin Films at Room Temperature

et al. 2013

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“…Note that P and L do not have to arise from the same ion. (Parenthetically, we note that this is important in the general case of multiferroics: The argument of Hill (Spaldin) about ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity being mutually disadvantageous assumes that they arise from the same bonds-such as covalent Ti-O bonds 66 75 and the fact that Folen et al 76 found the converse effect and that it functions up to 260 K. More recent work by Kleemann's group claims it provides functional magnetoelectric memory devices well above room temperature. 77 However, chromia generates much less interest than other multiferroics, because it is more complicated to address (READ/WRITE) antiferroelectrics and antiferromagnets than with Room-temperature multiferroic magnetoelectrics JF Scott ferroelectric/ferromagnets.…”

Section: Chromia Cr 2 Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Room-temperature multiferroic magnetoelectrics

2013

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A short review is given of the recent work on single-phase crystals that are ferroelectric and ferromagnetic at or near room temperature. BiFeO 3 is mentioned only briefly, because it has been reviewed in detail elsewhere very recently; emphasis instead is on copper oxide, perovskite oxides with mixed B-site occupancy (such as Pb(Fe 1/2 Ta 1/2 ) x (Zr y Ti INTRODUCTIONMultiferroics are usually defined as single-phase crystals exhibiting at the same temperature and pressure both ferromagnetism (or antiferromagnetism) and ferroelectricity (or antiferroelectricity). As most ferroelectrics are also ferroelastic 1 (hysteretic stress-strain relationships), the 'multi-ferro' label often includes three coupled order parameters. (As a peripheral comment, we note that it is necessary and sufficient 2 for a ferroelectric to be ferroelastic if its phase transition changes the crystal class-for example, from orthorhombic to tetragonal-treating hexagonal and trigonal as a single super-class. Examples of nonferroelastic ferroelectrics include KTiOPO 4 and LiNbO 3 , whose ferroelectric transitions are, respectively, orhorhombic-orthorhombic and trigonal-trigonal.)The interest in multiferroics at present is growing rapidly, and the interest is twofold: from a fundamental point of view the coupling between spins and lattices in crystals-between magnetism and ferroelectricity and/or structural phase transitions-has been recognized as complex and fascinating for several decades, generally requiring low-symmetry materials that were carefully avoided in earlier days of solid state theory. A good reason why it is presented in the elegant work by Schmid and Trooster 3 on the boracites: These materials (for example, nickel-iodine boracite) are multiferroic only at cryogenic temperatures and grow in needle-like structures, making them impractical for commercial device applications; and theoretically they exhibit low symmetry (monoclinic or triclinic) and have as many as 96 atoms per unit cell, making them theoretically formidable. Despite these drawbacks, multiferroics present a possible avenue for the next generation of computer digital memories, combining at least in principle, the high-speed and low-power consumption 4,5 of a ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM) with the nondestructive READ operation of a magnetic RAM. We discuss below why these goals will not be easy to achieve in commercial products:The most serious problems are operational temperature (most multiferroics operate well below ambient) and magnitudes of magnetization (all multiferroics with reasonably high operating temperatures are weak ferromagnets-canted antiferromagnetswhereas a strong ferromagnet is desired), and the switched polarization is also extremely weak. The polarization in most multiferroics is so weak that authors measure it in nC m À2 rather than the older customary mC cm À2 . Keep in mind that equally good SI units would be C hectare À1 for these multiferroics, a value far lower than the roughly 1 mC cm À2 required by a computer memory sense ampl...

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“…1(d). MnTiO 3 has a spin structure similar to that of Cr 2 O 3 , which is another material with a linear ME effect 12,32,33 . In the spin-flop phase of Cr 2 O 3 , its ME tensor acquires non-zero antisymmetric off-diagonal terms, and this is indicative of non-zero toroidic moments above the critical spin-flop magnetic field 34 .…”

Section: Structure and Properties Of Mntio3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic structure and magnetic symmetry in MnTiO3analyzed by second harmonic generation

et al. 2013

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Second harmonic generation (SHG) and linear absorbance spectra of MnTiO3 were measured and the 1.88, 2.41, 2.63, and 3.06 eV SHG features were identified as d-d optical transitions from 6 A1g to 4 T1g( 4 G), 4 T2g( 4 G), { 4 Eg, 4 A1g( 4 G)}, and 4 Eg( 4 D) respectively. These zero-phonon transitions were used to calculate the octahedral crystal field splitting energy (∆0) and the Racah parameters B and C. The SHG spectra showed significant distinctions between the antiferromagnetic and the paramagnetic or spin-flop phases. The polarization dependence of the SHG in the spin-flop phase provided optical evidence that the spins canted from the c-axis toward the a-axis. These distinctions between the three magnetic phases could be useful for mapping 180 • antiferromagnetic domains in MnTiO3.2

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Anisotropy of the Magnetoelectric Effect inCr2O3

Cited by 549 publications

References 2 publications

Magnetic Field‐Induced Ferroelectric Switching in Multiferroic Aurivillius Phase Thin Films at Room Temperature

Magnetic Field‐Induced Ferroelectric Switching in Multiferroic Aurivillius Phase Thin Films at Room Temperature

Room-temperature multiferroic magnetoelectrics

Electronic structure and magnetic symmetry in MnTiO3analyzed by second harmonic generation

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