Ankaflavin from <i>Monascus</i>-Fermented Red Rice Exhibits Selective Cytotoxic Effect and Induces Cell Death on Hep G2 Cells

Su, Nan‐Wei; Lin, Yii-Lih; Lee, Min-Hsiung; Ho, Chen-Ying

doi:10.1021/jf048310e

Cited by 164 publications

(131 citation statements)

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“…[4][5][6][7][8] It has been demonstrated that ethanol extracts of Monascus-fermented rice exhibit antitumor effects on murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells in vivo. 3 The secondary Monascus metabolite ankaflavin (in contrast to monascin) exerted cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines in vitro, 16 indicating the potential of this secondary metabolite to prevent tumor progression. Such data offer new insight into complementary therapeutic intervention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Monascus-Fermented Rice Extract on Malignant Cell—Associated Neovascularization and Intravasation Determined Using the Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model

Hsu

et al. 2010

Integr Cancer Ther

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The traditional Chinese medicine, Hong-Qu, also called red mold rice in the United States and Europe, is used for treating blood stasis, a disorder related to hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. In addition to improving metabolic syndrome, extracts from Monascus-fermented rice inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The objective was to examine the effect of red mold rice ethanol extract (RMRE) on angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis during tumor progression. RMRE significantly inhibited the proliferation of SW480 and SW620 human colorectal carcinoma cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner by using the MTT assay. A capillary-like network morphology was observed after the addition of 20 ng/mL vascular endothelial growth factor or SW620 culture-conditional medium, which was not seen after RMRE treatment. Moreover, spontaneous intravasation into Matrigel grafts of SW620 cells from the upper to the lower layers in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model was detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of human Alu genomic DNA from the lower CAMs in the RMRE-untreated group. Neovascularization increased to 75.3% ± 11.6% by SW620 cells onplant with Matrigel grafts in the CAM model. However, RMRE significantly reduced CAM neovascularization in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, RMRE effectively decreased the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7 as determined by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and casein zymography assays. In summary, Monascus-fermented products exert a potent effect on tumor growth and activation, suggesting that they may serve as supplementary agents in adjuvant cancer therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Monascus-Fermented Rice Extract on Malignant Cell—Associated Neovascularization and Intravasation Determined Using the Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model

Hsu

et al. 2010

Integr Cancer Ther

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“…It was shown that rR, rM and amino acid derivatives of pigments have antibiotic activities (Martinkova et al, 1999;Kim et al, 2006), and yM and yA have anti-tumor and immunosuppressive activities (Su et al, 2005;Akihisa et al, 2005b). Hence, most of them might potentially have some chemopreventive effects (Akihisa et al, 2005a;Knecht and Humpf 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Pigment Compositions in Various Monascus Cultures

Miyake

Kono

Nozaki

et al. 2008

FSTR

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The pigments produced by Monascus are a mixture that includes azaphilone pigments. We simultaneously analyzed the 11 identifi ed compounds present in Monascus pigments, and showed that there was a large variety of components produced by different strains and under different culture conditions. For example, pigments of Monascus pilosus NBRC4520 grown in potato dextrose broth were mainly composed of xanthomonascin A and monascorubrin. Ethanol extracts from cultured cells tended to contain more monascin and ankafl avin, and the nitrogen source also infl uenced the composition of pigment components produced. Moreover MK-1, a mutant of M. pilosus NBRC4520 that produces high levels of lovastatin and pigments (Miyake et al., 2006ab), was found to produce large amounts of rubropunctamine, monascorubramine, monascin and yellow II.Keywords: Monascus, pigments, composition *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tsuyoshi_miyake@pref.okayama.lg.jp IntroductionThe pigments produced by Monascus are traditionally applied as natural coloring for foodstuffs, and recent studies have shown that some Monascus pigments have important biological functions such as anti-tumor activity. Components of Monascus pigments as a mixture, including several azaphilone and furanoisophthalide pigments, are roughly classified into red, purple and yellow compounds based on their optical spectra. In the past, the 11 compounds present in Monascus pigments have been identifi ed chemically. The identified red compounds are rubropunctatin (rR) and monascorubrin (rM), the purple compounds are rubropunctamine (pR) and monascorubramine (pM), and the yellow are monascin (yM), ankafl avin (yA), xanthomonascin A (yXa), xanthomonascin B (yXb), monascopyridine A (yMa), monascopyridine B (yMb), and yellow II (yY2) (Carvalho et al., 2003). Although the amount and quality of Monascus pigments are typically estimated by absorbance at 490/380 nm, it is known there are variations in the red appearance of commonly used pigments that have not been separated and characterized further. These variations may be largely dependent on the composition of pigment compounds, because the composition and total molecular amount of pigments can be different even if the absorbance at 490/380 nm is the same. Additionally, the synthesis of these compounds may be independently regulated by culture conditions.Monascus pigment compounds separated and purified from mixtures have been demonstrated to have antibiotic and/or cytotoxic activities. It was shown that rR, rM and amino acid derivatives of pigments have antibiotic activities (Martinkova et al., 1999;Kim et al., 2006), and yM and yA have anti-tumor and immunosuppressive activities (Su et al., 2005;Akihisa et al., 2005b). Hence, most of them might potentially have some chemopreventive effects (Akihisa et al., 2005a;Knecht and Humpf 2006).For the safe and successful application of Monascus pigments in the food and pharmaceutical industries, it is important to address the specific composition of pigments produced by Monasc...

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“…Moreover, downstreaming of pure lovastatin from fermented medium is not required as fermented rice can be consumed directly after sterilisation and this can produce multiple therapeutic benefits, i.e. blood pressure lowering effects due to the presence of γ-aminobutaric acid (GABA) (Kohama et al 1987), antiinflammatory effects due to the presence of monascin (Lee et al 2006a), anticancer effects due to the presence of ankaflavin (Su et al 2005), antioxidant effects due to the presence of a free radical scavenger dimerumic acid (Taira et al 2002) including the lowering of serum lipids levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering rice based medium for production of lovastatin with Monascus species

Panda¹,

Javed²,

Ali³

2009

Czech J. Food Sci.

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Panda B.P., Javed S., Ali M. (2009): Engineering rice based medium for production of lovastatin with Monascus species. Czech J. Food Sci., 27: 352-360.Angkak (red mold rice, red yeast rice, Chinese red rice), a traditional Chinese functional food is produced by solid-state fermentation of cooked non-glutinous rice with Monascus species. The secondary metabolite of Monascus species, monacolin K (lovastatin), has been proved to lower blood lipid levels. In this study, the best Monascus purpureus strain was selected from MTCC 369, 410, 1090 based on lovastatin concentration. Four medium parameters (NH 4 Cl, MgSO 4 , NaCl, CaCl 2 ) screened by Plackett-Burman design from total nine medium variables were optimised by Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. Maximum lovastatin production of 3.420 mg/g was predicted in the solid medium containing 20 g rice and 40 ml liquid nutrient (NH 4 Cl 14.32 g/l, MgSO 4 0.76 g/l, NaCl 14.65 g/l, and CaCl 2 0.54 g/l) by the point prediction tool of Design Expert Ver. 7.1 software at 14 th day of fermentation.

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Ankaflavin from Monascus-Fermented Red Rice Exhibits Selective Cytotoxic Effect and Induces Cell Death on Hep G2 Cells

Cited by 164 publications

References 25 publications

Effects of Monascus-Fermented Rice Extract on Malignant Cell—Associated Neovascularization and Intravasation Determined Using the Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model

Effects of Monascus-Fermented Rice Extract on Malignant Cell—Associated Neovascularization and Intravasation Determined Using the Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model

Analysis of Pigment Compositions in Various Monascus Cultures

Engineering rice based medium for production of lovastatin with Monascus species

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