Ankle and knee kinetics between strike patterns at common training speeds in competitive male runners

Kuhman, Daniel; Melcher, Daniel A.; Paquette, Max R.

doi:10.1080/17461391.2015.1086818

Cited by 45 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In the EG, the peak knee extension moment was significantly reduced by 13.8% after the 12-week gait retraining. Lower peak knee extension moment was also found among FFS compared with RFS in other studies [19,29,33]. The abovementioned changes in the EG in the present study were not observed in the CG.…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

“…Liao et al focused on the difference in patellofemoral joint stress between participants with or without patellofemoral joint pain based on the finite element model and found that the peak PFS of runners with 7 BioMed Research International pain was larger than that of runners without pain and knee moment was regarded as a predictive factor [34]. Previous research suggests that FFS had lower vGRF than RFS [35], FFS could have a larger ROM of ankle [33], and the mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon can be strengthened by forefoot strike. The improvement in the loading ability of the Achilles tendon is beneficial to the calf to play a greater role in the impact phase.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Twelve-Week Gait Retraining Reduced Patellofemoral Joint Stress during Running in Male Recreational Runners

Wang

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Purpose. To explore the changes in knee sagittal angle and moment and patellofemoral joint (PFJ) force and stress before and after 12-week gait retraining. Methods. A total of 30 healthy male recreational runners were randomized into a control group (n=15) who ran in their original strike pattern using minimalist shoes or experimental group (n=15) who ran in a forefoot strike pattern using minimalist shoes during the 12-week gait retraining. The kinematic and kinetic data of the dominant leg of the participants during the 12 km/h running were collected by 3D motion capture systems and 3D force platforms. Besides, the biomechanical property of the PFJ was calculated on the basis of the joint force model and the regression equation of the contact area. Results. After the 12-week gait retraining, 78% of the rearfoot strikers turned into forefoot strikers. Peak knee extension moment and peak PFJ stress decreased by 13.8% and 13.3% without altering the running speed, respectively. Meanwhile, no changes in maximum knee flexion angle/extension moment and PFJ force/stress were observed for the control group. Conclusion. The 12-week gait retraining effectively reduced the PFJ stress, thereby providing a potential means of reducing the risk of patellofemoral pain syndrome while running.

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confidence: 73%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Twelve-Week Gait Retraining Reduced Patellofemoral Joint Stress during Running in Male Recreational Runners

Wang

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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“…Most previous studies focused on the direct relationship between fatigue and injury, especially the biomechanical changes in the lower extremities before and after fatigue [15][16][17][18][19]. For instance, Radzak et al [14] reported the biomechanical asymmetry (e.g., loading rate and knee/vertical stiffness) of the lower limbs before and after fatigue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue

et al. 2019

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Purpose: This study aimed to determine the changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running-induced fatigue intervention. Methods: Fourteen male recreational runners were required to run at 3.33 m/s until they could no longer continue running. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) and marker trajectories were recorded intermittently every 2 min to quantify the impact forces and the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during the fatiguing run. Blood lactate concentration (BLa) was also collected before and after running. Results: In comparison with the beginning of the run duration, (1) BLa significantly increased immediately after running, 4 min after running, and 9 min after running; (2) no changes were observed in vertical/anterior-posterior GRF and loading rates; (3) the hip joint range of motion (θ ROM ) significantly increased at 33%, 67%, and 100% of the run duration, whereas θ ROM of the knee joint significantly increased at 67%; (4) no changes were observed in ankle joint kinematics and peak joint moment at the ankle, knee, and hip; and (5) vertical and ankle stiffness decreased at 67% and 100% of the run duration. Conclusion: GRF characteristics did not vary significantly throughout the fatiguing run. However, nonlinear adaptations in lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were observed. In particular, a "soft landing" strategy, achieved by an increased θ ROM at the hip and knee joints and a decreased vertical and ankle stiffness, was initiated from the mid-stage of a fatiguing run to potentially maintain similar impact forces.

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“…Our findings basically confirm the data of the literature, with FFS leading to higher MPF and RFS leading to higher LR. 11 The higher vertical LR in RFS may be ascribed to the first impact peak occurring immediately in the early part of the stance phase by landing directly with the heel. 1,11,15 The higher vertical MPF in FFS may be a consequence of the reduced ground contact time when performing FFS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…So far, most studies have compared the biomechanics pattern of RFS and FFS by only measuring the vertical forces based on the GRF without differentiating between the different joints. 11,15,28 Others have implemented the differentiation between different joints of the lower limb focusing primarily on axial contact forces in forefoot and rearfoot runners. 24 Generally, shear forces are much smaller than the vertical forces that arise during running and therefore may not contribute to an injury potential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Analysis of Rearfoot and Forefoot Running

Knorz

Kluge

Gelse

et al. 2017

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background:In the running community, a forefoot strike (FFS) pattern is increasingly preferred compared with a rearfoot strike (RFS) pattern. However, it has not been fully understood which strike pattern may better reduce adverse joint forces within the different joints of the lower extremity.Purpose:To analyze the 3-dimensional (3D) stress pattern in the ankle, knee, and hip joint in runners with either a FFS or RFS pattern.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:In 22 runners (11 habitual rearfoot strikers, 11 habitual forefoot strikers), RFS and FFS patterns were compared at 3.0 m/s (6.7 mph) on a treadmill with integrated force plates and a 3D motion capture analysis system. This combined analysis allowed characterization of the 3D biomechanical forces differentiated for the ankle, knee, and hip joint. The maximum peak force (MPF) and maximum loading rate (LR) were determined in their 3 ordinal components: vertical, anterior-posterior (AP), and medial-lateral (ML).Results:For both strike patterns, the vertical components of the MPF and LR were significantly greater than their AP or ML components. In the vertical axis, FFS was generally associated with a greater MPF but significantly lower LR in all 3 joints. The AP components of MPF and LR were significantly lower for FFS in the knee joint but significantly greater in the ankle and hip joints. The ML components of MPF and LR tended to be greater for FFS but mostly did not reach a level of significance.Conclusion:FFS and RFS were associated with different 3D stress patterns in the ankle, knee, and hip joint, although there was no global advantage of one strike pattern over the other. The multimodal individual assessment for the different anatomic regions demonstrated that FFS seems favorable for patients with unstable knee joints in the AP axis and RFS may be recommended for runners with unstable ankle joints.Clinical Relevance:Different strike patterns show different 3D stress in joints of the lower extremity. Due to either rehabilitation after injuries or training in running sports, rearfoot or forefoot running should be preferred to prevent further damage or injuries caused by inadequate biomechanical load. Runners with a history of knee joint injuries may benefit from FFS whereas RFS may be favorable for runners with a history of ankle joint injuries.

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Ankle and knee kinetics between strike patterns at common training speeds in competitive male runners

Cited by 45 publications

References 42 publications

Twelve-Week Gait Retraining Reduced Patellofemoral Joint Stress during Running in Male Recreational Runners

Twelve-Week Gait Retraining Reduced Patellofemoral Joint Stress during Running in Male Recreational Runners

Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue

Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Analysis of Rearfoot and Forefoot Running

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