Annealing of chopped and continuous fibre reinforced polyamide 6 produced by fused filament fabrication

Handwerker, Michael; Wellnitz, Jörg; Marzbani, Hormoz; Tetzlaff, Ulrich

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109119

Cited by 23 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A previous study determined that heating these additively manufactured parts in a container filled with mineral oil significantly increases the tensile strength and Young's modulus [4]. For the chopped fibre-reinforced filament, the air void ratio did not change, whereas it significantly increased for the continuous glass fibre-reinforced material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…There is a lack of consensus about the exact value, but most researchers have agreed on 230 J/g for polyamide 6 [10]. The mass of the plastic is calculated as using the same densities ( ) and fibre volume content ( ) as in the previous study [4].…”

Section: Thermal Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 2) [4]. The "start rotation percent," which determines the location of the starting point, was chosen to be either 1%, 26%, 51% or 76%.…”

Section: Mechanical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Coordinate System for laminates. "X1" is the fibre direction, "X2" is perpendicular to the fibres and within one layer and "X3" is perpendicular to the fibres and perpendicular to the layer (build-up direction for 3D printing) [4]…”

Section: Mechanical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Pressure and heat treatment of continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics produced by fused filament fabrication

Handwerker

Wellnitz

Marzbani³

et al. 2022

Prog Addit Manuf

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fused filament fabrication allows for the additive manufacturing of complex geometries without requiring moulds. However, due to large air voids and poor layer adhesion, the mechanical properties of parts manufactured using fused filament fabrication lag behind those of parts manufactured using conventional techniques. A previous study found that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of such parts could be increased by a heat-treatment process. However, large air voids were still present after annealing. This study, therefore, investigates the influence of a post-pressure-treatment process on the mechanical performance and the air void ratio of continuous glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 in the directions perpendicular to the fibres. Without the treatment, Young’s modulus on the plane parallel to the printing bed is eight times higher than Young’s modulus perpendicular to it. Annealing at 1 MPa homogenises the material and leads to a significant increase of both the tensile strength (55 MPa) and Young’s modulus (5 GPa). Increasing the pressure to 3 MPa only slightly increases the mechanical performance, whereas a further increase to 6 MPa causes no significant changes.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Thermal Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 2) [4]. The "start rotation percent," which determines the location of the starting point, was chosen to be either 1%, 26%, 51% or 76%.…”

Section: Mechanical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Pressure and heat treatment of continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics produced by fused filament fabrication

Handwerker

Wellnitz

Marzbani³

et al. 2022

Prog Addit Manuf

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Peng et al [ 34 ] observed that the printing bed temperature had a positive influence on the tensile strength of specimens printed with a tailor-made PA6 filament reinforced with 10% short carbon fibers. Handwerker et al [ 35 ] investigated the effect of annealing conditions on the mechanical properties of chopped carbon fiber-reinforced PA6 parts along the build-up direction. The authors concluded that after 6 h of heat treatment at 200 °C, 3D-printed parts increased their elastic modulus threefold with an increase in ultimate tensile strength of more than 50%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fused-Filament Fabrication of Short Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide: Parameter Optimization for Improved Performance under Uniaxial Tensile Loading

2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study intends to contribute to the state of the art of Fused-Filament Fabrication (FFF) of short-fiber-reinforced polyamides by optimizing process parameters to improve the performance of printed parts under uniaxial tensile loading. This was performed using two different approaches: a more traditional 2k full factorial design of experiments (DoE) and multiple polynomial regression using an algorithm implementing machine learning (ML) principles such as train-test split and cross-validation. Evaluated parameters included extrusion and printing bed temperatures, layer height and printing speed. It was concluded that when exposed to new observations, the ML-based model predicted the response with higher accuracy. However, the DoE fared slightly better at predicting observations where higher response values were expected, including the optimal solution, which reached an UTS of 117.1 ± 5.7 MPa. Moreover, there was an important correlation between process parameters and the response. Layer height and printing bed temperatures were considered the most influential parameters, while extrusion temperature and printing speed had a lower influence on the outcome. The general influence of parameters on the response was correlated with the degree of interlayer cohesion, which in turn affected the mechanical performance of the 3D-printed specimens.

show abstract

Emerging Research in Conductive Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication: A Critical Review

Simunec¹,

Sola²

2022

Adv Eng Mater

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The progress of Industry 4.0 and the advancement of robotic design are revealing a significant gap in the capabilities of current manufacturing techniques and the selection of materials that are available in electronics. Present‐day electrical systems largely rely on metals, but there is a driving need to develop new electrically conductive objects with a wide range of material properties, including expanded flexibility and softness, and with increasingly complex geometries. Electrically conductive composites can replace traditional metal‐based systems. In particular, thermoplastic composites become electrically conductive with the incorporation of conductive fillers or polymers while retaining to a large extent the processability of the thermoplastic matrix. This is where fused filament fabrication (FFF), an additive manufacturing (AM) technique capable of processing a variety of thermoplastic‐matrix feedstock materials, can be leveraged to create electrically conductive objects with new functionalities. While there is an increasing number of publications describing the FFF of electrical objects such as sensors and circuits, there is no comprehensive review outlining the functioning mechanisms, drawbacks, and advantages of FFF as applied to conductive materials. The present review fills this lacuna by offering a critical analysis of the specific challenges and solutions to promote FFF of electrically conductive polymers and composites.

show abstract

Annealing of chopped and continuous fibre reinforced polyamide 6 produced by fused filament fabrication

Cited by 23 publications

References 37 publications

Pressure and heat treatment of continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics produced by fused filament fabrication

Pressure and heat treatment of continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics produced by fused filament fabrication

Fused-Filament Fabrication of Short Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide: Parameter Optimization for Improved Performance under Uniaxial Tensile Loading

Emerging Research in Conductive Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication: A Critical Review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About