Annelid Coelomic Fluid Proteins

Schenk, Sven; Hoeger, Ulrich

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41769-7_1

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…Lipoxygenase+ cells are large cells distributed throughout the AP axis of the animal (Fig. 4J), and could correspond to the previously described chloragocytes 67 .…”

Section: Neuronssupporting

confidence: 81%

Annelid adult cell type diversity and their pluripotent cellular origins

Álvarez-Campos,

García-Castro,

Emili

et al. 2024

Nat Commun

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Many annelids can regenerate missing body parts or reproduce asexually, generating all cell types in adult stages. However, the putative adult stem cell populations involved in these processes, and the diversity of cell types generated by them, are still unknown. To address this, we recover 75,218 single cell transcriptomes of the highly regenerative and asexually-reproducing annelid Pristina leidyi. Our results uncover a rich cell type diversity including annelid specific types as well as novel types. Moreover, we characterise transcription factors and gene networks that are expressed specifically in these populations. Finally, we uncover a broadly abundant cluster of putative stem cells with a pluripotent signature. This population expresses well-known stem cell markers such as vasa, piwi and nanos homologues, but also shows heterogeneous expression of differentiated cell markers and their transcription factors. We find conserved expression of pluripotency regulators, including multiple chromatin remodelling and epigenetic factors, in piwi+ cells. Finally, lineage reconstruction analyses reveal computational differentiation trajectories from piwi+ cells to diverse adult types. Our data reveal the cell type diversity of adult annelids by single cell transcriptomics and suggest that a piwi+ cell population with a pluripotent stem cell signature is associated with adult cell type differentiation.

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“…Lipoxygenase+ cells are large cells distributed throughout the AP axis of the animal (Fig. 4J), and could correspond to the previously described chloragocytes 67 .…”

Section: Neuronssupporting

confidence: 81%

Annelid adult cell type diversity and their pluripotent cellular origins

Álvarez-Campos,

García-Castro,

Emili

et al. 2024

Nat Commun

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“…These fatty acid-peroxidising enzymes have been implicated in a range of immune, signalling and metabolic functions (Mashima and Okuyama, 2015). Lipoxygenase+ cells are large cells distributed throughout the AP axis of the animal (Figure 3I), and could correspond to the previously described chloragocytes (Schenk and Hoeger, 2020). Altogether, these observations identified several annelid cell types such as the chaetal sacs, the vigilin+ cells, the lipoxygenase+ cells, the polycystin or the globin+ cells, but also revealed previously unknown cell types such as the ldlrr+ cells and the carbohydrate metabolic cells, with function and homologies that are yet to be explored.…”

Section: Single Cell Transcriptomics Reveals a Wealth Of Annelid Cell...mentioning

confidence: 88%

Annelid adult cell type diversity and their pluripotent cellular origins

Álvarez‐Campos

García-Castro

Emili

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Annelids are a broadly distributed, highly diverse, economically and environmentally important group of animals. Most species can regenerate missing body parts, and many are able to reproduce asexually. Therefore, many annelids can generate all adult cell types in adult stages. However, the putative adult stem cell populations involved in these processes, as well as the diversity of adult cell types generated by them, are still unknown. Here, we recover 75,218 single cell transcriptomes of Pristina leidyi, a highly regenerative and asexually-reproducing freshwater annelid. We characterise all major annelid adult cell types, and validate many of our observations by HCR in situ hybridisation. Our results uncover complex patterns of regionally expressed genes in the annelid gut, as well as neuronal, muscle and epidermal specific genes. We also characterise annelid-specific cell types such as the chaetal sacs and globin+ cells, and novel cell types of enigmatic affinity, including a vigilin+ cell type, a lumbrokinase+ cell type, and a diverse set of metabolic cells. Moreover, we characterise transcription factors and gene networks that are expressed specifically in these populations. Finally, we uncover a broadly abundant cluster of putative stem cells with a pluripotent signature. This population expresses well-known stem cell markers such as vasa, piwi and nanos homologues, but also shows heterogeneous expression of differentiated cell markers and their transcription factors. In these piwi+ cells, we also find conserved expression of pluripotency regulators, including multiple chromatin remodelling and epigenetic factors. Finally, lineage reconstruction analyses reveal the existence of differentiation trajectories from piwi+ cells to diverse adult types. Our data reveal the cell type diversity of adult annelids for the first time and serve as a resource for studying annelid cell types and their evolution. On the other hand, our characterisation of a piwi+ cell population with a pluripotent stem cell signature will serve as a platform for the study of annelid stem cells and their role in regeneration.

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“…The coelomic fluid of annelids contains various antimicrobial factors like lysozyme, hemolytic factors that bind sphingomyelin (fetidin, lysenin, lysenin-related proteins), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), proteases (lumbrokinase, catalase, superoxide dismutases), cytolytic proteins (coelomic cytolytic factor (CCF)), clotting and coagulation factors, and enzyme-activation-based cascades (prophenoloxidase cascade) (1). Bioactive agents in the coelomic fluid also include several metabolites, like drilodefensins, responsible for the inhibitory effects of polyphenols in the earthworm digestive tract (2), and metallothioneins, small metal-binding proteins responsible for the detoxification and regulation of heavy metals (3). Notably, the humoral defense also includes pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and CCF) that are frequently based on lectin-saccharide interactions designed to recognize highly conserved structures present in different microorganisms (pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)).…”

Section: Annelidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soluble mediators of innate immunity in annelids and bivalve mollusks: A mini-review

et al. 2022

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Annelids and mollusks, both in the superphylum of Lophotrochozoa (Bilateria), are important ecological groups, widespread in soil, freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. Like all invertebrates, they lack adaptive immunity; however, they are endowed with an effective and complex innate immune system (humoral and cellular defenses) similar to vertebrates. The lack of acquired immunity and the capacity to form antibodies does not mean a lack of specificity: invertebrates have evolved genetic mechanisms capable of producing thousands of different proteins from a small number of genes, providing high variability and diversity of immune effector molecules just like their vertebrate counterparts. This diversity allows annelids and mollusks to recognize and eliminate a wide range of pathogens and respond to environmental stressors. Effector molecules can kill invading microbes, reduce their pathogenicity, or regulate the immune response at cellular and systemic levels. Annelids and mollusks are “typical” lophotrochozoan protostome since both groups include aquatic species with trochophore larvae, which unite both taxa in a common ancestry. Moreover, despite their extensive utilization in immunological research, no model systems are available as there are with other invertebrate groups, such as Caenorhabditis elegans or Drosophila melanogaster, and thus, their immune potential is largely unexplored. In this work, we focus on two classes of key soluble mediators of immunity, i.e., antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cytokines, in annelids and bivalves, which are the most studied mollusks. The mediators have been of interest from their first identification to recent advances in molecular studies that clarified their role in the immune response.

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Annelid Coelomic Fluid Proteins

Cited by 6 publications

References 149 publications

Annelid adult cell type diversity and their pluripotent cellular origins

Annelid adult cell type diversity and their pluripotent cellular origins

Annelid adult cell type diversity and their pluripotent cellular origins

Soluble mediators of innate immunity in annelids and bivalve mollusks: A mini-review

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