Annexins in Glaucoma

Yap, Timothy E.; Davis, Benjamin; Guo, Li; Normando, Eduardo; Cordeiro, M. Francesca

doi:10.3390/ijms19041218

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…The detection of apoptosing retinal cells (DARC) is a new technique that enables visualisation of real-time RGC apoptosis using fluorescently-labelled annexin A5. This 36 kDa protein is expressed in humans and it is a well-established indicator of apoptosis (116)). DARC has the advantage of early detection of RGC loss before visual deterioration has occurred, and it being considered for the evaluation of optic neuropathies, including glaucoma disease progression (117).…”

Section: Detection Of Apoptosing Retinal Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal Ganglion Cells—Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance

et al. 2021

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Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the bridging neurons that connect the retinal input to the visual processing centres within the central nervous system. There is a remarkable diversity of RGCs and the various subtypes have unique morphological features, distinct functions, and characteristic pathways linking the inner retina to the relevant brain areas. A number of psychophysical and electrophysiological tests have been refined to investigate this large and varied population of RGCs. Technological advances, such as high-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging, have provided additional tools to define the pattern of RGC involvement and the chronological sequence of events in both inherited and acquired optic neuropathies. The mechanistic insights gained from these studies, in particular the selective vulnerability and relative resilience of particular RGC subtypes, are of fundamental importance as they are directly relevant to the development of targeted therapies for these invariably progressive blinding diseases. This review provides a comprehensive description of the various types of RGCs, the developments in proposed methods of classification, and the current gaps in our knowledge of how these RGCs are differentially affected depending on the underlying aetiology. The synthesis of the current body of knowledge on the diversity of RGCs and the pathways that are potentially amenable to therapeutic modulation will hopefully lead to much needed effective treatments for patients with optic neuropathies.

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Section: Detection Of Apoptosing Retinal Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal Ganglion Cells—Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance

et al. 2021

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“…A biomarker is a factor that can be objectively measured as an indicator of normal or pathological processes or a response to a therapeutic intervention [70]. In glaucoma, we have a series of genetic and molecular biomarkers related to particular genes in the pathogenesis of the disease, microRNA dysregulation, with molecular variations of the tear lm, markers of oxidative stress, metabolomic study, proteomic, imbalance in the immune system, among other laboratory studies [70][71][72][73][74][75][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114]. Despite having various biomarkers, glaucoma continues to cause irreversible visual damage worldwide, as they are not appropriately implemented in routine clinical procedures and therefore fail to achieve their purpose of generating an early diagnosis.…”

Section: Current Biomarkers Of Glaucomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While these clinical trials focus mainly on detecting the already established damage [15,24,[115][116][117][118][119][120], on the other hand, we have the case of genetic and molecular biomarkers whose purpose is to nd the disease at the initial stage [70][71][72][73][74][75][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114], but given its high complexities of implementation, they have not been used yet, and we are probably still a long way from that. All these techniques are now being found far from conventional medicine and clinical tests.…”

Section: Challenges and Future Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pupillary Response to Chromatic Light Stimuli as a Biomarker at the Early Stage of Glaucoma

López

Román

Plaza

2021

Preprint

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Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve currently considered a severe health problem because of its high prevalence, being the primary cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The most common type corresponds to Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG). Glaucoma produces, among other alterations, a progressive loss of Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGC) and its axons, key to generate the action potential that reaches the visual cortex to create the visual image. It indicates a Visual Field (VF) loss whose main feature is to be painless, and this makes early detection difficult, causing a late diagnosis and delaying a timely treatment indication that slows down its progression. Intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs), which represent a subgroup of RGCs being sensitive to damage, are characterized by reacting to short-wave light stimulation close to 480 nm and among their non-visual function, the role in the generation of the pupillary reflex stands out. Currently, the sensitivity of clinical trials correlates to RGC damage, however the need for an early damage biomarker is still relevant. It is an urgent task to create new diagnostic approaches to detect an early stage of glaucoma in a prompt, quick, and economical manner. We suggest evaluating the pupillary response to chromatic light as a potential biomarker of disease, its diagnostic benefit, and its cost-effectiveness in clinical practice to reduce irreversible damage caused by glaucoma.

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“…Therefore, it is possible to think that from the tear fluid, information can be obtained on biomolecules that intervene not only in ocular homeostasis but also affect systemic diseases such as metabolic and neurological conditions. For this reason, ocular fluids could be a source of biomarkers [69][70][71][72] . This can be applied to the case of AChE, although some studies suggest that the activity of the enzyme occurs in different ocular structures that have parasympathetic activity, other studies, provide information on the cholinergic influence on tear secretion, therefore it is possible to think that both enzyme activity and its expression could eventually participate in the regulation of various functions in the anterior segment of the eye.…”

Section: Is It Possible To Find Ache Activity In Tear?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinesterase Activity in the Eye?

Durán-Cristiano¹

2021

Preprint

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The visual system is regulated by the nervous through neurotransmitters, which play an important role in visual and ocular functions. One of those neurotransmitters is acetylcholine, a key molecule that plays a diversity of biological functions. On the other hand, acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, is implicated in cholinergic function. However, several studies showed that in addition to their enzymatic functions, Acetylcholinesterase exerts non-catalytic functions. In recent years, the importance of evaluating all possible functions of acetylcholine-acetylcholinesterase has been evidenced. Nevertheless, there is evidence that suggests cholinesterase activity in the eye can regulate some biological events both in structures of the anterior and posterior segment of the eye and therefore in the visual information that is processed in the visual cortex. Hence, the evaluation of cholinesterase activity could be a possible marker of alterations in cholinergic activity not only in ocular disease but also in systemic diseases.

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Annexins in Glaucoma

Cited by 17 publications

References 138 publications

Retinal Ganglion Cells—Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance

Retinal Ganglion Cells—Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance

Pupillary Response to Chromatic Light Stimuli as a Biomarker at the Early Stage of Glaucoma

Cholinesterase Activity in the Eye?

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