Annotation of Differentially Expressed Genes in the Somatic Embryogenesis of Musa and Their Location in the Banana Genome

Abstract

Analysis of cDNA-AFLP was used to study the genes expressed in zygotic and somatic embryogenesis of Musa acuminata Colla ssp. malaccensis, and a comparison was made between their differential transcribed fragments (TDFs) and the sequenced genome of the double haploid- (DH-) Pahang of the malaccensis subspecies that is available in the network. A total of 253 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were detected with apparent size of 100–4000 bp using 5 pairs of AFLP primers, of which 21 were differentially expressed during the different stages of banana embryogenesis; 15 of the sequences have matched DH-Pahang chromosomes, with 7 of them being homologous to gene sequences encoding either known or putative protein domains of higher plants. Four TDF sequences were located in all Musa chromosomes, while the rest were located in one or two chromosomes. Their putative individual function is briefly reviewed based on published information, and the potential roles of these genes in embryo development are discussed. Thus the availability of the genome of Musa and the information of TDFs sequences presented here opens new possibilities for an in-depth study of the molecular and biochemical research of zygotic and somatic embryogenesis of Musa.

Somatic Embryogenesis: Fundamental Aspects and Applications

“…Indirect SE is induced by explant inoculation onto semi-solid or liquid medium in presence of exogenous PGR, predominantly auxin and sometimes cytokinin well-defined by the SE method employed (Krikorian and Scott 1995;Table 38.1). They rely on the type of explant in which SE is initiated for a large range of Musa genotypes tested, as follows: (i) immature zygotic embryos (IZEs), (Cronauer-Mitra and Krikorian 1988;Escalant and Teisson 1989;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014;Maldonado-Borges et al 2013;Krikorian and Scott 1995), and mature zygotic embryos (MZEs) (Uma et al 2012), with modifications by the use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 3,6-dichloro-2-meth-oxybenzoic acid (dicamba) or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (picloram) as synthetic auxin (Novak et al 1989;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014;Remakanthan et al 2014). From the earlier reports in the late 1980s, and thereafter, five main procedures for establishment of embryogenic callus and proliferation of ESC in banana are recognized.…”

“…Five types of cell aggregates has been recognized in banana ECS cultures of Musa AAA cv. malaccensis proceed well under limited water availability and reached the stage of maturity (coleoptilar stage) perceived by the typical white-opaque-color of the embryo and exhibit the cotydelonary slit (Maldonado-Borges et al 2013;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014). The pH of buffered media during ECS cultures have an effect on the type of cell aggregates developed.…”

Somatic Embryogenesis in Banana, Musa ssp.

“…From the earlier reports in the late 1980s, and thereafter, five main procedures for establishment of embryogenic callus and proliferation of ESC in banana are recognized. They rely on the type of explant in which SE is initiated for a large range of Musa genotypes tested, as follows: (i) immature zygotic embryos (IZEs), (Cronauer-Mitra and Krikorian 1988;Escalant and Teisson 1989;Navarro et al 1997;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014;Maldonado-Borges et al 2013;Krikorian and Scott 1995), and mature zygotic embryos (MZEs) (Uma et al 2012), with modifications by the use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 3,6-dichloro-2-meth-oxybenzoic acid (dicamba) or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (picloram) as synthetic auxin (Novak et al 1989;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014;Remakanthan et al 2014). (ii) Rhizome slices and leaf sheaths (Novak et al 1989), cultures of proliferating meristem called "scalps" (Dhed'a et al 1991;Schoofs et al 1998;Strosse et al 2003), immature male (Ma 1991;Escalant et al 1994;Côte et al 1996;Grapin et al 1996;Navarro et al 1997), and female flowers (Grapin et al 2000).…”

“…In the absence of exogenous PGR, histodifferentiation of developing embryos in M. a. ssp. malaccensis proceed well under limited water availability and reached the stage of maturity (coleoptilar stage) perceived by the typical white-opaque-color of the embryo and exhibit the cotydelonary slit (Maldonado-Borges et al 2013;Escobedo-GraciaMedrano et al 2014). One of the most important factors during somatic embryo maturation is the impact of water stress (Attree et al 1991).…”

“…Molecular evidences from transcribed expressed sequences have suggested that an early responsive to dehydration proteins (ERDs) are involved in embryo maturation. The ERD genes are defined as genes rapidly activated during drought stress and involved in Abscisic acid mediated developmental and stress responses (Maldonado-Borges et al 2013). Schenk and Hildebrandt (1972) b Morel and Wetmore (1951) …”