Annual and seasonal variation of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) prevalence in ticks in selected hot spot areas in Germany using a nRT-PCR: Results from 1997 and 1998

Süß, Jochen; Schrader, Christina; Abel, Ulrich; Voigt, W. P.; Schosser, Rudolf

doi:10.1016/s0934-8840(99)80010-3

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It should be emphasised that the latter percentage, 0.28%, for Scandinavia refers to a mixture of pools containing both nymphs and adult ticks. It is well known that the infection prevalence of adult female ticks is usually significantly higher than that of nymphs [57]. This is most likely mainly due to the fact that, during their development from larva to adult tick, the questing adult tick female has usually blood-fed twice, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(II) How can the virus persist in nature despite such ‘low’ infection prevalence? Prevalence rates of TBEV in I. ricinus populations in endemic areas usually range from 0.1–5% [7,10,57,81] and the prevalence usually fluctuates from year to year and among regions [57]. It is likely that both viraemic and non-viraemic transmission of TBEV to uninfected ticks occur more frequently during years of peak abundance of small mammals [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different methods for detecting viruses and microorganisms can have different sensitivities [85,86]. Thus, it has been emphasized that if the sensitivity of the PCR-based detection method used is not optimal, it is likely that the infection prevalence will be underestimated [57]. The PCR method that we used, which is a modification of the method described by Schwaiger and Cassinotti [49], has a detection limit of 1–10 copies per reaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in northern Europe with particular reference to Southern Sweden

et al. 2014

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BackgroundIn northern Europe, the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) of the European subtype is usually transmitted to humans by the common tick Ixodes ricinus. The aims of the present study are (i) to obtain up-to-date information on the TBEV prevalence in host-seeking I. ricinus in southern and central Sweden; (ii) to compile and review all relevant published records on the prevalence of TBEV in ticks in northern Europe; and (iii) to analyse and try to explain how the TBE virus can be maintained in natural foci despite an apparently low TBEV infection prevalence in the vector population.MethodsTo estimate the mean minimum infection rate (MIR) of TBEV in I. ricinus in northern Europe (i.e. Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland) we reviewed all published TBEV prevalence data for host-seeking I. ricinus collected during 1958–2011. Moreover, we collected 2,074 nymphs and 906 adults of I. ricinus from 29 localities in Sweden during 2008. These ticks were screened for TBEV by RT-PCR.ResultsThe MIR for TBEV in nymphal and adult I. ricinus was 0.28% for northern Europe and 0.23% for southern Sweden. The infection prevalence of TBEV was significantly lower in nymphs (0.10%) than in adult ticks (0.55%). At a well-known TBEV-endemic locality, Torö island south-east of Stockholm, the TBEV prevalence (MIR) was 0.51% in nymphs and 4.48% in adults of I. ricinus.ConclusionsIf the ratio of nymphs to adult ticks in the TBEV-analysed sample differs from that in the I. ricinus population in the field, the MIR obtained will not necessarily reflect the TBEV prevalence in the field. The relatively low TBEV prevalence in the potential vector population recorded in most studies may partly be due to: (i) inclusion of uninfected ticks from the ‘uninfected areas’ surrounding the TBEV endemic foci; (ii) inclusion of an unrepresentative, too large proportion of immature ticks, compared to adult ticks, in the analysed tick pools; and (iii) shortcomings in the laboratory techniques used to detect the virus that may be present in a very low concentration or undetectable state in ticks which have not recently fed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in northern Europe with particular reference to Southern Sweden

et al. 2014

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“…noted little seasonal fluctuation in the prevalence of ticks that were infected with TBEV, whereas there was marked annual fluctuation [32]. In another study, meterological conditions were linked to the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-Borne Viral Encephalitis - the Threat of Summer

Ruef¹

2000

Infection

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“…Diese Empfehlung bezieht auch zugereiste Urlauber ein [6,9,18]. Diese Empfehlung bezieht auch zugereiste Urlauber ein [6,9,18].…”

Section: Fsme-verbreitungsgebieteunclassified

Zecken als Krankheitsüberträger: Was tun bei einem Stich?

Wirtz¹

2001

Biologie in unserer Zeit

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Viele Krankheitserreger von Viren, Bakterien, Protozoen bis zu den Nematoden benutzen Zecken und deren Blut saugende Lebensweise für ihren Übertragungszyklus. In Europa ist hier die Schildzecke I.ricinus (Holzbock) besonders zu nennen. Mehrfachstrategien bei der Wirtssuche, Wirtserkennung und Erschließung der Nahrungsquelle sowie das weite Wirtsspektrum und die weite Verbreitung, weisen diese Zecke als sehr anpassungsfähigen Parasiten und idealen Krankheitsüberträger aus. Die Lyme‐Borreliose (Bakteriose) und die FSME (Virose) sind in Mitteleuropa mit Abstand die bedeutendsten von Zecken übertragenen Infektionserkrankungen. Die Erreger mit ihren Besonderheiten und ihrem Vorkommen, den verursachten Krankheitsverläufen, Behandlungs‐beziehungsweise Prophylaxemöglichkeiten werden in diesem Artikel dargestellt, wobei auf die besondere Bedeutung des individuellen Verhaltens zur Vermeidung eines Zeckenkontaktes hingewiesen und auch Verhaltensmaßnahmen nach erfolgtem Zeckenstich genannt werden.

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Annual and seasonal variation of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) prevalence in ticks in selected hot spot areas in Germany using a nRT-PCR: Results from 1997 and 1998

Cited by 35 publications

References 15 publications

Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in northern Europe with particular reference to Southern Sweden

Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in northern Europe with particular reference to Southern Sweden

Tick-Borne Viral Encephalitis - the Threat of Summer

Zecken als Krankheitsüberträger: Was tun bei einem Stich?

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