Annual Evolution of Fatty Acid Profile from Muscle Lipids of the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Madagascar Inland Waters

Abstract

Annual evolution of muscle lipids fatty acid (FA) from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has been determined in 2001 through monthly samplings in the reserve pond of Sisaony (SIS series) and Itasy Lake (ITA series) of the Madagascar highlands. Total lipids from muscle were extracted and quantified according to the Bligh and Dyer method. FA identification was performed by GC-MS of FA methyl esters and FA pyrrolidides and led to the identification of 41 FA; routine analyses of FA were made by capillary GC. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the data set to compare FA profiles. Lipid content is low, ranging from 0.91 to 1.73% of wet muscle, with a low stage during the hot season (January-April) and a higher stage during the cold season (July-October). Three FA dominated the FA composition: oleic acid (17.0-21.5%), palmitic acid (13.1-16.1%), and linoleic acid (9.6-13.2%). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were present in appreciable amounts: arachidonic acid (AA; 2.9-5.9%), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 2.9-6.7%), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 1.9-3.4%), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 1.9-4.3%). Two opposite evolution schemes appear within two groups of FA; on the one hand PUFA (both n-3 and n-6 series) show a maximum in August-October and a minimum in January-April, and, on the other hand, oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids show the opposite maxima and minima. PCA results give confirmation of these evolution schemes, the two groups of FA giving opposite high factor loadings on axis 1. The SIS and ITA series are differentiated by axis 2 by mean of minor FA, mostly odd- and branched-chain. Results indicate that common carp, the second most abundant freshwater fish in Madagascar highlands waters, may be an interesting source of dietary PUFA.

Fatty Acid Composition in Intramuscular Lipids of Experimental Scaly Crossbreds in 3-Year-Old Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

“…the content of -linolenic acid (PS × ROP: 0.86 ± 0.09%) and its metabolites ePA and DHA (PS × ROP: 0.69 ± 0.09% and 0.35 ± 0.02%, respectively) in the IMl of carp monitored in our experiment was very low compared with data published by other authors Rasoarahona et al 2004;Komprda et al 2005). The very low levels of these PUFA n-3 in IMl of carp monitored in our study suggest that natural diet consumption was significantly reduced because the carp preferentially consumed energy-rich feed (i.e.…”

“…linoleic acid (C18 : 2n-6) content in the IMl of carp investigated in our study (PS × ROP: 6.99 ± 0.20%) did not differ from linolic acid values published by some other authors, e.g. Rasoarahona et al (2004) (unfed carp from Itasy lake, Madagascar: 10.6 ± 1.16% October) or Fajmonová et al (2003) (carp fed with wheat: 6.91 ± 0.12%). levels of this FA in the natural diet (zooplankton 4.8%, chironomid larvae 8.9%) and the prepared feed (wheat 70.4%) are very different (Steffens et al 1998).…”

“…However, the C18 : 1n-9 acid and MUFA amounts in total lipids ascertained in their experiments were smaller (Steffens 1997-C18 : 1n-9 : 43.40%, MUFA sum : 54.94%, Fajmonová et al 2003 45.97 ± 0.26%, MUFA sum : 58.97 ± 0.25%). On the other hand Rasoarahona et al (2004) who monitored in their experiment the FA profile in carp (without feeding) over the whole year found significantly smaller amounts of C18 : 1n-9 (from Itasy lake, Madagascar: 17.1 ± 0.80% October). even smaller amounts of C18 : 1n-9 (14.8%) in carp lipids (from natural waters, unfed) have been reported by Steffens (1997).…”

“…The same PUFA ratio in fish has also been evaluated in the studies by Fajmonová et al (2003) and Komprda et al (2005). Other authors monitoring fatty acid profiles (in % of total determined fatty acids or in gkg -1 tissue) in fish (Steffens 1997, Rasoarahona et al 2004 propose that their reverse ratio (n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio) be used in evaluating FA presence. According to this author, the lipids beneficial to human health are those whose composition corresponds to the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio of 1 to 5 (freshwater fish) or 5 to 10 (sea fish).…”

Comparative Analysis of Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Commercially Important Fish and Shellfish from Sri Lanka and Japan

“…In particular, fishes from tropical regions have lower amounts of lipids compared to those from arctic regions. Since PUFAs provide tolerance to low temperatures, fish from tropical waters are expected to have lower PUFA contents than their tropical counterparts 14 . However, while many studies on the fatty acid profiles of fish have focused on the species from temperate waters 15 , very few have described the fatty acid profiles of tropical fish 16 .…”