Annual Incidence of Nephrolithiasis among Children and Adults in South Carolina from 1997 to 2012

Abstract

Background and objectives The prevalence of nephrolithiasis in the United States has increased substantially, but recent changes in incidence with respect to age, sex, and race are not well characterized. This study examined temporal trends in the annual incidence and cumulative risk of nephrolithiasis among children and adults living in South Carolina over a 16-year period.Design, setting, participants, & measurements We performed a population-based, repeated cross-sectional study using the US Census and South Carolina Medical Encounter data, which capture all emergency department visits, surgeries, and admissions in the state. The annual incidence of nephrolithiasis in South Carolina from 1997 to 2012 was estimated, and linear mixed models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios for age, sex, and racial groups. The cumulative risk of nephrolithiasis during childhood and over the lifetime was estimated for males and females in 1997 and 2012.Results Among an at-risk population of 4,625,364 people, 152,925 unique patients received emergency, inpatient, or surgical care for nephrolithiasis. Between 1997 and 2012, the mean annual incidence of nephrolithiasis increased 1% annually from 206 to 239 per 100,000 persons. Among age groups, the greatest increase was observed among 15-19 year olds, in whom incidence increased 26% per 5 years (incidence rate ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 1.29). Adjusting for age and race, incidence increased 15% per 5 years among females (incidence rate ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.16) but remained stable for males. The incidence among blacks increased 15% more per 5 years compared with whites (incidence rate ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.17). These changes in incidence resulted in doubling of the risk of nephrolithiasis during childhood and a 45% increase in the lifetime risk of nephrolithiasis for women over the study period.Conclusions The incidence of kidney stones has increased among young patients, particularly women, and blacks.

Pediatric Nephrolithiasis: Trend, Evaluation and Management: A Systematic Review

“…In a Tasian study, the greatest change belonged to 15 to 19 year olds, and the incidence of nephrolithiasis increased by 26% per five years. The incidence increased by 15% per five years among females in general (14).…”

“…In an epidemiologic project in Minnesota from 1998 to 2008, the overall incidence of nephrolithiasis in adolescents was increased from 7 to 14 per 100000 patients aged 12 to 17 years old (13). Tasian et al (14) in a large population study indicated that between 1997 and 2012, the rate of nephrolithiasis increases annually by one percent. On the other hand, there has been a change regarding the gender of patients.…”

Can glyphosate’s disruption of the gut microbiome and induction of sulfate deficiency explain the epidemic in gout and associated diseases in the industrialized world?

“…A population-based study in South Carolina showed that annual incidence increased by 1% annually from 206 to 239 per 100,000 from 1997 to 2012 [194]. Calcium oxalate crystals are the main source of kidney stones in urolithiasis.…”

Outcomes of miniaturized percutaneous nephrolitotomy in infants: Single centre experience

“…The incidence of childhood urolithiasis ranges between 4-6% and the incidence increases up to 14.8% in endemic regions of the World such as Turkey (1,2). Pediatric patients generally have underlying metabolic, anatomical, functional abnormalities and/or recurrent urinary tract infections that cause urinary stone.…”