Anode Melting in a Multicathode-Spot Vacuum Arc

Goldsmith, S.; Shalev, S.; Boxman, R.L.

doi:10.1109/tps.1983.4316239

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The occurrence of a footpoint(s) is usually accompanied by the appearance of an appreciable noise component of the arc voltage and often by a significant increase in the mean arc voltage [13-201. GOLDSMITH, SEULEV, and BOXMAN [37] investigated anode melting for a variety of materials using a 6/24-ms pulse (6-ms rise to peak, followed by an almost critically damped decay to zero a t 30 ms). They found that the arc voltage remained quiet and relatively low even when anode melting accompanied by a significant anode material spectral signal was observed.…”

Section: Drouet [35]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GOLDSMITX e t al. found that anode meking could occui* without any significant change in the arc voltage [37]. They used timeresolved spectroscopy to investigate the density of anode atoms in the plasma near the anode.…”

Section: A N O D E M E L T I N Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect of different cathode mirterials upon the crit,ical melting current for specific materials[37] upon the geometry of the gap and electrodes (especially the ratio D/g), the electrode materials, and the current waveform. The geometry factor probably operates through its effect on both the voltage drop near the anode, thus affecting the total power delivered to the anode, and the average anode current density.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Review of Anode Phenomena in Vacuum Arcs

Miller

1989

Contrib. Plasma Phys.

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This paper discusses arc modes at the anode, experimental results pertinent t o anode phenomena, and theoretical explanations of anode phenomena.A vacuum arc can exhibit five anode discharge modes: (1) a low current mode in which the anode is basically passive, acting only as a collector of particles emitted from the cathode; (2) a second low current mode that can occur if the electrode material is readily sputtered (a flux of sputtered atoms will be emitted by the anode); (3) a footpoint mode, characterized by the appearance of one or more small luminous spota on the anode (footpoints are generally much cooler than the true anode spota present in the last two modes); (4) an anode spot mode in which one large or several small anode spots are present (such spots are very luminous, have a temperature near the atmospheric boiling point of the anode material, and are a copious source of vapor and ions); and ( 5 ) an intense arc mode where an anode spot is present, but accompanied by severe cathode erosion.The arc voltage is relatively low and quiet in the two low current. modes and the intense arc mode. It is usunlly high and noisy in the footpoint mode, and it can be either in the anode spot mode. Anode erosion is low, indeed negative, in the two low current modes, and it is low to moderate in thc footpoint mode. Severe anode erosion occurs in both the anode spot and intense arc modes.The dominant mechanism controlling the formation of an anode spot appears to depend upon the electrode geometry, the electrode material, and the current waveform of the particular vacuum i i rc being considered. I n specific experimental conditions, either magnetic constriction in the gap plasma, or gross anode melting, or local snode evaporation can trigger the transition. However, the most probable explanation of anode spot formation is a combination theory, which considers magnetic constriction in the plasma together with the fluxes of material from the anode and cathode as well as the thermal, electricnl, and geometric effects of the anode in analyzing the behavior of the anode and the nearby plasmn.

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Section: Drouet [35]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A N O D E M E L T I N Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Anode Phenomena in Vacuum Arcs

Miller

1989

Contrib. Plasma Phys.

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“…Under a high-current vacuum arc, the surface temperature on an anode can be higher than the melting point of the anode material [1][2][3][4]. The melting process is believed to play a significant role for an anode spot formation [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evaporation of the melted metal is also related to the post-arc recovery process [5]. An interaction between vacuum arc and anode melting pool may lead to a visible erosion of anode surface [3,6]. This process has significantly influence on the electric field distribution near the post-arc cathode (former anode) surface after current zero.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A coupled simulation model of the heating process on an anode under high-current vacuum arcs

Tian

Wang

Geng

2014

2014 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)

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Anode activity is critical in a high-current interruption process of a vacuum interrupter. Under a high-current arc anode surface temperature may exceed melting point. Under such condition, an evaporation of metal vapor from an anode melting pool may play a role for a failure of the current interruption. The objective of this paper is to develop a 2D axisymmetric numerical simulation model of heat transfer from a vacuum arc column to an anode region under high-current vacuum arc. The model combined both the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of a vacuum arc column and the heat transfer model of an anode region. The model deals with arc plasma behavior of arc column and heat transfer in the anode region in a coupled way. The temperature distribution, plasma pressure and flow velocity are given. The highest temperature on anode surface is about 1750K and appears at about 7ms. The effect of Lorentz force on the flow of arc plasma was significant. It pushed the arc plasma into the central region and affects the pressure distribution. The results can offer detailed information of high-current vacuum arc and its anode phenomena.

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Theoretical Study of Anode Spot. Evolution of the Anode Region Theory

Beilis

2020

Plasma and Spot Phenomena in Electrical Arcs

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Anode Melting in a Multicathode-Spot Vacuum Arc

Cited by 29 publications

References 9 publications

A Review of Anode Phenomena in Vacuum Arcs

A Review of Anode Phenomena in Vacuum Arcs

A coupled simulation model of the heating process on an anode under high-current vacuum arcs

Theoretical Study of Anode Spot. Evolution of the Anode Region Theory

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