Anogenital ratio: Measure of fetal virilization in premature and full-term newborn infants

Callegari, C; Everett, Susan L.; Ross, Michael G.; Brasel, Jo Anne

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80075-6

Cited by 114 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In females, the mean value of the AGD at 18 months (17.31 mm) was similar to the one reported by Phillip et al [31] (16.1 mm) in an Israeli population, but was 6.41 mm higher than the mean values recorded by Callegari et al [32] in the US, and 7.31 mm higher than values reported by Salazar-Martinez et al [13]. The mean AGI (1.38 mm/kg) was also lower than the AGI reported by Huang et al [19] (5.37 mm/kg).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Prenatal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Anogenital Distance in Children at 18 Months

García-Villarino¹,

Riaño‐Galán²,

Rodríguez-Dehli³

et al. 2018

Horm Res Paediatr

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Background: Anogenital distance (AGD) is a measure of in utero exposure to hormonally active agents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and AGD. Methods: POP levels were measured in pregnant women, and the AGD was recorded in 43 offspring at 18 months. We used linear regression models to analyze the association between maternal POP exposure and offspring AGD. We defined the anogenital index (AGI) as AGD divided by weight at 18 months (AGI = AGD / weight at 18 months [mm/kg]) and included this variable in the regression models. Results: AGI measure was 2.35 (0.61) and 1.38 (0.45) in males and females, respectively. AGI was inversely associated with lipid-adjusted concentrations of PBDE-99 (β = −0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.51, −0.04) and PBDE-153 (β = −0.61, 95% CI: −1.11, −0.11) in males. We did not find any statistically significant relationship between any POPs and AGI in females. Conclusions: Environmental exposure to POPs may affect genital development and result in reproductive tract alterations with potentially relevant health consequences in maturity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Prenatal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Anogenital Distance in Children at 18 Months

García-Villarino¹,

Riaño‐Galán²,

Rodríguez-Dehli³

et al. 2018

Horm Res Paediatr

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“…Published studies have demonstrated that AGD is useful in determining foetal exposure to androgens and anti-androgens [11]. Androgenized females, as seen in neonates with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, have a longer AGD [6], while androgen-insensitive male rodents have shortened AGD [12]. A shorter AGD has also been linked with hypospadias and cryptorchidism [3, 9, 13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In males, the distance from the centre of the anus to the most posterior base of the scrotum [4, 10, 15-20], the distance from the centre of the anus to the posterior base of the penis [17], and the distance from the anus to the anterior base of the penis [10, 15, 17] have been reported. In females, the distance from the anus to the fourchette [4, 6, 7, 10, 15-18, 20], the distance from the anus to the base of the clitoris [15, 17], and the distance from the fourchette to the base of the clitoris [17] have all been reported. Irrespective of the measurement utilized, AGD has been found to be sexually dimorphic, being about twice as long in males as in females in most published studies [4, 17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anogenital Distance in Term Newborns in Kumasi, Ghana

et al. 2017

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Background: Anogenital distance (AGD) is a simple noninvasive measure of foetal androgen exposure. This study was done to generate normative data on AGD in Ghanaian newborns. Methods: AGD was measured in 644 male and 612 female term newborns; including the distance between the anterior base of the penis and the centre of the anus, the posterior base of the penis and the centre of the anus, and the posterior base of the scrotum and the centre of the anus (ASD) in males and the distance from the anus to the fourchette (AF) and from the anus to the base of the clitoris in females. Other anthropometric and parental socio-demographic indices were also documented. Results: AGD was sexually dimorphic; with a mean ± SD ASD and AF of 25.5 ± 5.1 and 13.6 ± 2.7 mm, respectively. There was a significant correlation between AGD and birth weight, birth length, and occipitofrontal circumference (p < 0.05). ASD was significantly longer (p < 0.001) in newborns (83/644; 12.9%) of mothers who had ingested herbs during pregnancy. Conclusion: AGD was approximately twice as long in males compared to females and can serve as a useful indicator of androgen exposure. Measurements of AGD also need to factor in anthropometric parameters, which are important correlates of AGD.

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“…In humans, girls with CAH have been shown to have longer perineal lengths than their normal counterparts. [21] Normal androgen exposure during defined gestational time periods, have been correlated with normal genital lengths and reproductive function in rodents. [22,23] Thus a more masculinized phenotype would display longer genital lengths and higher sperm counts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anogenital distance as a measure of human male fertility

Lipshultz

2014

J Assist Reprod Genet

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Purpose In humans, recent studies have correlated anogenital distance (AGD) in adult men to testicular function. While studies of a group of men suggest an association, the utility of AGD in an infertility evaluation remains uncertain. We sought to determine the utility of AGD to predict male fertility. Methods Between 2010 and 2011, men were recruited at a urology clinic to participate. AGD was measured using digital calipers in men being evaluated at a urology clinic. ANOVA and ROC analyses were used to determine correlations between AGD, fatherhood status, and semen parameters. Results In all, 473 men were included in the analysis with a mean age of 43±13 years. Anogenital distance was significantly longer in men with higher sperm concentration, total sperm count, and total motile sperm count. In order to evaluate the discriminating ability of AGD, ROC curves were created comparing AGD and total testis volume. The area under the curve (AUC) was significantly larger for total testis volume compared to AGD when evaluating fertility (0.71 vs 0.63, p= 0.02). Similarly, there was a trend towards a higher AUC for testis volume compared to AGD for sperm concentration and total sperm count. Stratification of men with long/short AGD and large/small testes also did not improve the predictive value of AGD. Conclusions While AGD is associated with sperm production on a population level, at the individual level the distinction based AGD alone cannot accurately estimate the efficiency of spermatogenesis.

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Anogenital ratio: Measure of fetal virilization in premature and full-term newborn infants

Cited by 114 publications

References 6 publications

Prenatal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Anogenital Distance in Children at 18 Months

Prenatal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Anogenital Distance in Children at 18 Months

Anogenital Distance in Term Newborns in Kumasi, Ghana

Anogenital distance as a measure of human male fertility

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