Anogenital Warts in Children

Cohen, Bernard A.; Honig, Paul J.; Androphy, Elliot J.

doi:10.1001/archderm.1990.01670360039004

Cited by 93 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…One child had concomitant lip and genital involvement, and her father also had genital warts. Thus, transmission probably can occur due to daily activities like using the toilet, bathing, or sitting in the lap of affected parents (9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Children

Pandhi

Kumar

Reddy

2003

The Journal of Dermatology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Screening for HIV was not a part of many previously undertaken studies (1, 6, 8, 9, 13). However, ELISA for HIV is currently recommended for all abused children with STDs or when the abuser belongs to high risk group or high prevalence area (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Children

Pandhi

Kumar

Reddy

2003

The Journal of Dermatology

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“…In support of this are many reports documenting concurrent infection of both anogenital and nongenital sites with HPV type 2 5,31,32 . In addition the detection of HPV type 2 in a signi® cant proportion of children in some series in the absence of any evidence of sexual abuse provides further evidence for the role of autoinoculation or heteroinoculation 7,8,15,16 . Heteroinoculation implies transmission of HPV by intimate but nonsexual contact between a parent or carer and the child as may occur during bathing, toileting or nappy changing.…”

Section: Autoinoculation and Heteroinoculationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In most early studies the genital mucosal subtypes 6 and 11 were demonstrated in the majority of lesions 7,9,10,12± 14 . HPV types 16, 18 and other mucosal subtypes have been reported in only a very small proportion of cases 7,13 . Some early studies, however, failed to examine specimens for cutaneous HPV subtypes 9,10 .…”

Section: Aetiology and Hpv Subtypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anogenital warts in prepubertal children: pathogenesis, HPV typing and management

Armstrong¹,

Handley²

1997

Int J STD AIDS

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The incidence of anogenital warts in prepubertal children is increasing. Modes of transmission of human papillomavirus to the anogenital area include perinatal, autoinoculation and heteroinoculation, sexual abuse and possibly indirect transmission via fomites. It was previously thought that childhood sexual abuse was the most common mode of transmission and human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 were most often detected. More recent studies, however, would suggest that perinatal infection and autoinoculation or heteroinoculation may be much more prevalent than originally thought. It has been increasingly reported that human papillomavirus type 2 is present in a significant proportion of cases. Assessment of children should be multidisciplinary and sexual abuse should be considered in every case. Treatment modalities, although similar to adult disease, are particularly dependent on individual factors. In view of the as yet unknown risk of subsequent anogenital neoplasia it is recommended that individuals should have regular follow-up on a long-term basis.

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“…2). Flat warts, after application of 5% acetic acid, have also been described, usually in the presence of condylomatous and papular lesions (Cohen et al, 1990;Oriel, 1992).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Papillomavirus Infections in Children: the Potential Role of Maternal Transmission

Syrjänen¹,

Puranen

2000

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

219

213

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To date, more than 100 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been identified. In the past 20 years, there has been an increasing interest in HPVs because of their potential role in the pathogenesis of malignant tumors. HPV infections are known to affect predominantly adult, sexually active age groups, whereas skin warts, at various anatomic sites, are usually associated with younger individuals. The modes of viral transmission in children remain controversial, including perinatal transmission, auto-and hetero-inoculation, sexual abuse, and, possibly, indirect transmission via fomites. Recent studies on perinatal infection with HPV have been inconclusive. It is still unclear how frequently perinatal infection progresses to clinical lesions, whether genital, laryngeal, or oral. Conflicting reports have been published on the prevalence of HPV infections in children. The current consensus is, however, that newborn babies can be exposed to cervical HPV infection of the mother. The detection rate of HPV DNA in oral swabs of newborn babies varies from 4% to 87%. The concordance of HPV types detected in newborn babies and their mothers is in the range of 57% to 69%, indicating that the infants might acquire the HPV infection post-natally from a variety of sources. HPV antibodies have been detected in 10% to 57% of the children, and there is usually no correlation between seropositivity and the detection of HPV DNA in either the oral or the genital mucosa. There is also evidence that transmission in utero or post-natal acquisition is possible. The mode of in utero transmission remains unknown, but theoretically the virus could be acquired hematogenously, by semen at fertilization, or as an ascending infection in the mother. The understanding of viral transmission routes is important, particularly because several vaccination programs are being planned worldwide. The serologic response to HPV detected in different populations of young women or women at risk of cervical cancer might be due to genital infections, but the possibility that HPV infection has been acquired earlier in life through the oral mucosa or respiratory tract cannot be ruled out.

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Anogenital Warts in Children

Cited by 93 publications

References 29 publications

Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Children

Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Children

Anogenital warts in prepubertal children: pathogenesis, HPV typing and management

Human Papillomavirus Infections in Children: the Potential Role of Maternal Transmission

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