Anomalous elevated radiocarbon measurements of PM2.5

Buchholz, Bruce A.; Fallon, Stewart; Zermeño, Paula; Bench, Graham; Schichtel, B. A.

doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2012.05.021

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Our observation demonstrated (section 3.1) that TC concentrations were influenced not only by source emissions but also by the meteorology. The weak correlation between f c and the TC concentration has been observed in previous studies (Buchholz et al, 2013;Dusek et al, 2013). This would imply that anthropogenic fossil pollution is quantified much precisely with the 14 C content rather than with the absolute TC concentration.…”

Section: Quantification Of Fossil and Non-fossil Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Radiocarbon ( 14 C) analysis allows distinguishing between fossil and non-fossil (biomass burning and biogenic emissions) sources of carbonaceous aerosol (Szidat et al, 2006;Schichtel et al, 2008;Sun et al, 2012;Buchholz et al, 2013). Most radiocarbon measurements have been performed on the PM 2.5 and PM 10 carbonaceous aerosol samples (Gelencsér et al, 2007;Schichtel et al, 2008;Fushimi et al, 2011;Glasius et al, 2011;Dusek et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin Identification of Carbonaceous Aerosol Particles by Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis

Garbarienė

Šapolaitė

Garbaras

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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We applied stable carbon isotope ratio ( 13 C/ 12 C) and radiocarbon ( 14 C) analysis for the quantification of three main aerosol sources (coal, biomass and liquid fossil fuel derived aerosol emissions). Submicron aerosol samples (PM 1 ) were collected from 27 th October, 2014 to 19 th January, 2015 at a suburban site of Vilnius city (Lithuania). To determine fossil and non-fossil contributions to submicron carbonaceous aerosol particles, 14 C measurements of total carbon (TC) were performed using single stage accelerator mass spectrometer (SSAMS, NEC, USA). The concentrations of TC and δ 13 C in PM 1 fraction were measured using elemental analyzer interfaced to isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS).The TC concentration during measurement period ranged from 1.3 to 9.6 µg m -3. The variation of TC concentrations can be explained by the influence of long-range transport and dispersion properties of the boundary layer (mixed layer depth).We found that biomass-derived aerosol sources are prevailing in Vilnius during wintertime and ranged from 57% to 84% of total carbonaceous aerosol fraction. Applying isotope mass balance calculations the traffic emissions were estimated to be 15 ± 7% and coal combustion made up 14 ± 9% in PM 1 . To provide better information about the pollution sources, the carbon isotope analysis along air mass transport pattern was performed. Our results demonstrated that the high contribution to PM 1 from coal burning (up to 40%) was observed for air masses transported from highly industrialized Western Europe regions. Combination of stable carbon isotope ratio with the radiocarbon data allow to distinguish coal from liquid fossil fuel in the aerosol particle emissions.

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Section: Quantification Of Fossil and Non-fossil Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin Identification of Carbonaceous Aerosol Particles by Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis

Garbarienė

Šapolaitė

Garbaras

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…Given the low contribution of biomass burning during the measurement period (see section 2.2.4 above), this result reveals the significant contribution of nonfossil sources such as biogenic SOA and cooking to atmospheric OA, despite extensive fossil emissions in the region (i.e., more than 50% of OC is nonfossil). Very similar 14 C results ( f NF,TC ~0.47) for the annual average of 2007 were reported for Wilmington, a district of LA adjacent to the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach [ Buchholz et al ., ]. Previous 14 C data reported from two stations for this region (in Long Beach and Azusa) in 1982 (four filters for each location with a sampling time of 3 months covering the whole year from January to December) suggest lower relative contributions from nonfossil sources (0.32–0.43 and 0.2–0.35) [ Hildemann et al ., ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Buchholz et al . [] identified anthropogenic inputs of TC in the LA basin close to the port of Long Beach with excessive 14 C content ( f NF,TC values of up to 3.4). However, sources of anthropogenic 14 C are unlikely the reason for the elevated f NF values on 30 May and 5 June due to the following reasons: No f NF values > 1 were measured in Pasadena in this study, whereas almost all samples in Buchholz et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal cycle of fossil and nonfossil carbon using radiocarbon analyses during CalNex

et al. 2014

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Radiocarbon ( 14 C) analysis is a unique tool to distinguish fossil/nonfossil sources of carbonaceous aerosols. We present 14 C measurements of organic carbon (OC) and total carbon (TC) on highly time resolved filters (3-4 h, typically 12 h or longer have been reported) from 7 days collected during California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) 2010 in Pasadena. Average nonfossil contributions of 58% ± 15% and 51% ± 15% were found for OC and TC, respectively. Results indicate that nonfossil carbon is a major constituent of the background aerosol, evidenced by its nearly constant concentration (2-3 μgC m À3). Cooking is estimated to contribute at least 25% to nonfossil OC, underlining the importance of urban nonfossil OC sources. In contrast, fossil OC concentrations have prominent and consistent diurnal profiles, with significant afternoon enhancements (~3 μgC m À3 ), following the arrival of the western Los Angeles (LA) basin plume with the sea breeze. A corresponding increase in semivolatile oxygenated OC and organic vehicular emission markers and their photochemical reaction products occurs. This suggests that the increasing OC is mostly from fresh anthropogenic secondary OC (SOC) from mainly fossil precursors formed in the western LA basin plume. We note that in several European cities where the diesel passenger car fraction is higher, SOC is 20% less fossil, despite 2-3 times higher elemental carbon concentrations, suggesting that SOC formation from gasoline emissions most likely dominates over diesel in the LA basin. This would have significant implications for our understanding of the on-road vehicle contribution to ambient aerosols and merits further study.

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“…Carbon-14 analysis, also referred to as radiocarbon analysis or carbon dating, has also been used extensively to apportion particulate matter carbon to biomass vs. fossil fuel sources (Szidat et al, 2004;Jordan et al, 2006;Ward et al, 2006b;Szidat et al, 2007;Gustafsson et al, 2009;Szidat, 2009;Ward and Lange, 2010;Buchholz et al, 2013). The 14 C content in emissions from the combustion of carbonaceous fuels mirrors that of the fuel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison and Evaluation of Methods to Apportion Ambient PM2.5 to Residential Wood Heating in Fairbanks, AK

Busby

Ward

Turner

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Biomass burning for residential heating significantly contributes to ambient PM 2.5 burdens in many areas, making source apportionment to wood heater emissions an important issue. This study compares and evaluates Chemical Mass Balance (CMB), levoglucosan analysis, and 14 C analysis methods for apportionment. Results suggest that the CMB method appears to overestimate the contribution of residential wood heating in Fairbanks, perhaps due to non-representativeness of emissions source profiles. Carbon-14 analysis allows for apportionment to biomass sources, but must be corrected for noncarbon PM 2.5 content. Levoglucosan analysis has the advantage of being relatively inexpensive, but there is considerable uncertainty in determining conversion factors to calculate wood smoke levels from measured levoglucosan concentrations. Conversion factors in the range of 9.1 to 13.3 are calculated from previously published and experimental mass fractions of levoglucosan in wood smoke PM 2.5 . Conversion factors in the range of 10.7 to 12.9 are determined from analysis of independent field measurements of 14 C and levoglucosan in Fairbanks. The calculated and measured conversion factors are consistent and are similar to previously-reported values. The three apportionment methods (focused on residential wood smoke contributions) are complementary and collectively provide a means to evaluate or confirm apportionment results.

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Anomalous elevated radiocarbon measurements of PM2.5

Cited by 10 publications

References 27 publications

Origin Identification of Carbonaceous Aerosol Particles by Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis

Origin Identification of Carbonaceous Aerosol Particles by Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis

Diurnal cycle of fossil and nonfossil carbon using radiocarbon analyses during CalNex

Comparison and Evaluation of Methods to Apportion Ambient PM2.5 to Residential Wood Heating in Fairbanks, AK

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