Anomalous Extensor Tendons to the Long Finger: A Cadaveric Study of Incidence

Klena, Joel C.; Riehl, John T.; Beck, John D.

doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.02.014

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Having the same origin as for the EIP [41], the anomalous slips of the EMP insert either onto the dorsal aponeurosis of the long finger, palmar and ulnar to the EDC tendon [40,41] or into the intertendinous fascia proximal to the MCP joint, directly palmar to the EDC tendon [20].…”

Section: Extensor Medii Propriusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The prevalence of the extensor indicis tendon and its variants: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Yammine

2014

Surg Radiol Anat

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The tendon of the extensor indicis (EI) is frequently used to restore the loss of function in other digits. However, it shows many variations which include splitting of the extensor indicis proprius (EIP) into two or three distal slips, attachment to fingers other than the index such as the extensor medii proprius (EMP), attachment onto the index and the third finger such as the extensor indicis et medii communis, or attachment to both the index and the thumb such as the extensor pollicis et indicis (EPI). This systematic review gathers the available data on the prevalence of EI tendon and its variation in the hand. Twentynine cadaveric studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 3858 hands. Meta-analysis results yielded an overall pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) of EI of 96.5 % and PPEs of 92.6, 7.2 and 0.3 % for the single-, double-and triple-slip EIP, respectively. The single-slip EIP is frequently inserted on the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum communis of the index (EDC-index) in 98.3 %. The double-slip EIP is located on the ulnar side of the EDC-index in 53.5 %, on its radial side in 17 % and on both sides in 28.7 %. Indian populations showed the highest rate of single-slip EIP and the lowest rate of double-slip EIP when compared to Japanese, Europeans and North Americans. The pooled prevalence of EMP, EMIC and EPI were 3.7, 1.6 and 0.75 %, respectively. Knowledge of the variants of the EI tendon and their prevalence should help surgeons in correctly choosing the tendon to transfer in hand surgery.Keywords Extensor indicis proprius Á Extensor medii proprius Á Extensor indicis et medii Á Communis Á Extensor pollicis et indicis Á Anatomy Á Meta-analysis

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Section: Extensor Medii Propriusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EIMC inserts palmar to the EDC tendon and into the intertendinous fascia proximal to the MCP joint, either on its central, ulnar or radial portion [20].…”

Section: Extensor Indicis Et Medii Communismentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of the extensor indicis tendon and its variants: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Yammine

2014

Surg Radiol Anat

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“…Therefore, the presence and similarities in the anomalies between the two cadavers is likely due to chance. The incidence of extensor anomalies in the hand have been reported to be as high as 25 % for the middle finger [8]; however, the incidence of anomalies of the extensor pollicis longus is thought to be much lower [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anomalies of the Extensor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Indicis Muscles in Two Cadaveric Cases

Talbot

Mollman

Perez

et al. 2013

Hand (New York, N,Y.)

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“…. Hirai et al (2001) in their series of 548 cadaveric hand dissections found that the most common pattern of intertendinous connections wereclassified into Type I in the second intermetacarpal space, into Type III-r in the third metacarpal space, and into type III-y in the fourth intermetacarpal space 16 .The functional importance of these juncturaewould be to strengthen the frail tendons of the extensor mechanism of the fingers, at the cost of some loss of independence of the 4th finger 9,[20][21][22][23] Injuries to the extensor tendons of the fingers are common because of their poorly protected anatomic location. Clinical reports emphasize the importance of initial treatment and postoperative rehabilitation in achieving a good outcome 24 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral anatomical variations of the hand extensors

Arquez

2016

Bangladesh J Med Sci

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Abstract:Background: The purpose of this paper is to describe an anatomical variation of the hand extensor on the little finger of the right hand which receives four tendons, condition unknown, as it is the first case reported so far in the literature. The human extensor tendons of hand often display an array of variations. Awareness of the anatomy and variations of the extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hand is necessary not only for the anatomist but also for surgeons when considering tendons for hand surgery, tendon rerouting or transplants. Materials and Methods: Bilateral anatomical variation in the upper limb was found during routine dissection in a 75-year-old male cadaver in the Morphology Laboratory at the University of Pamplona. The variations were recorded and photographed. Result: In the left hand the extensor digitorum there was a single tendon to the index, double tendon to the middle, triple tendon to the ring finger, a single tendon to the little finger or digiti minimi. The extensor digiti minimi has double tendon. In the right hand the extensor digitorum there was a single tendon to the index, triple tendon to the middle finger, triple tendons to the ring finger, a double tendon to the little finger. The extensor digiti minimi has double tendon. The little finger receives four tendons, 2 of extensor digitorum and 2 of extensor digiti minimi. The dorsum of the left hand and right showed juncturae tendinum type 2, between the extensors tendons in the 3rd intermetacarpal space; type 3, between the extensors tendons in the 4th inter metacarpal space. Conclusion: The presence of multiple tendons may alter the kinematics around the site of attachment to the phalanx. Knowledge of anatomical variations and normal anatomy of the extensor tendons, may be helpful while performing graft and tendon transfer operations.

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Anomalous Extensor Tendons to the Long Finger: A Cadaveric Study of Incidence

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

The prevalence of the extensor indicis tendon and its variants: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The prevalence of the extensor indicis tendon and its variants: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Anomalies of the Extensor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Indicis Muscles in Two Cadaveric Cases

Bilateral anatomical variations of the hand extensors

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