“…That is, suppression of ionization occurs due to the interference of electromagnetic fields of electron-positron pairs (Iwadare, 1958). This is called the Chudakov or King-Perkins-Chudakov effect (Chudakov, 1955;Perkins, 1955) and has been extensively studied both theoretically and experimentally (Berestetskii, 1957;Burkhardt, 1958;Mito, 1957;Wolter, 1956;Yekutieli, 1957;Zieliński, 1985), with more detailed theoretical studies published over the last two decades (Shulʼga & Trofymenko, 2014;Trofymenko & Shul'ga 2017;Trofymenko, 2020;Thomsen & Uggerhøj, 2011;Trofymenko & Shulʼga, 2013). Cosmic ray experiments have been performed to observe the Chudakov effect, but these experiments offer limited statistics and are unable to control the beam energy (Iwadare, 1958;Perkins, 1955;Wolter, 1956).…”