Anomalously small retardation of bound (force) electromagnetic fields in antenna near zone

“…Another interesting feature of the virtual photons, besides their non-local behavior, is their space-like property. Space-like behavior of electromagnetic fields has more recently been measured in the near fields of antennas [23][24][25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio of barriers

Aichmann

Nimtz

Bruney

2015

Optics Communications

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“…A similar experiment was performed in the optical range [6,7], but a clear observation of superluminal propagation was impossible in that case. More recently, Missevitch et al demonstrated anomalously small retardation of bound UHF electromagnetic fields within about the half of the near zone size [8].…”

Section: Concerning the Second Category Mugnai Et Al Have Demonstramentioning

confidence: 99%

Velocity Requirements for Causality Violation

Modanese

2015

Unified Field Mechanics

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We re-examine the "Regge-Tolman paradox" with reference to some recent experimental results. It is straightforward to find a formula for the velocity v of the moving system required to produce causality violation. This formula typically yields a velocity very close to the speed of light (for instance, v/c > 0.97 for X-shaped microwaves), which raises some doubts about the real physical observability of the violations. We then compute the velocity requirement introducing a delay between the reception of the primary signal and the emission of the secondary. It turns out that in principle for any delay it is possible to find moving observers able to produce active causal violation. This is mathematically due to the singularity of the Lorentz transformations for β → 1 − . For a realistic delay due to the propagation of a luminal precursor, we find that causality violations in the reported experiments are still more unlikely (v/c > 0.989), and even in the hypothesis that the superluminal propagation velocity goes to infinity, the velocity requirement is bounded by v/c > 0.62. We also prove that if two macroscopic bodies exchange energy and momentum through superluminal signals, then the swap of signal source and target is incompatible with the Lorentz transformations; therefore it is not possible to distinguish between source and target, even with reference to a definite reference frame.

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“…Thus, a speed that is larger than 10 11 c (or10 14 c) cannot be measured or proven with this design. In the experiments [37][38][39] the precision of time for the speeds of the bound fields is on the level of 10 -10 seconds. While in the design in this paper, the precision of the time for the speed of interaction force is on the level of 10 -12 seconds which can measure a larger speed.…”

Section: Table 1 the Limit For Measurable Speeds Of Gravitational Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( 13) could indicated that the speed of the bound (interaction) electromagnetic field is instantaneous. [35] Four experiments [36][37][38][39] were performed for measuring the speed of bound electromagnetic field, and in three of them it was measured that the bound electromagnetic fields highly exceed the speed of light or larger than c. [37][38][39] (Although it was measured that the speed of Coulomb field potential is c, [36] it was pointed out that this result is unreliable. [37] )…”

Section: Table 1 the Limit For Measurable Speeds Of Gravitational And...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the Speed of Gravity

Zhu¹

2011

Chinese Phys. Lett.

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The speed of gravity is an important universal constant. But, it has not been directly known with experiment or observation. The explanations for it are contradicted with each other. Here, it is presented that the interaction and propagation of the gravitational field could be tested and understood by comparing the measured speed of gravitational force with the measured speed of Coulomb force. A design to measure the speeds of gravitational and Coulomb force is presented. From satellite motions, it is observed that the speed of gravitational force is larger than the speed of light in a vacuum. From this observation and the recent experiments, the structure of electric and gravitational fields is studied. A line to indirectly test the wavelengths of gravitational waves is presented.PACS: 04.20.Cv; 04.30.Nk; 04.80.Cc Fomalont and Kopeikin [1] in 2002 claimed that to 20% accuracy they confirmed that the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light in vacuum. Their work was immediately contradicted by Will [2] and other several physicists. [3][4][5][6][7] Fomalont and Kopeikin [1] accepted that their measurement is not sufficiently accurate to detect terms of order , which can experimentally distinguish Kopeikin interpretation from Will interpretation. Fomalont et al [8] reported their measurements in 2009 and claimed that these measurements are more accurate than the 2002 VLBA experiment [1] , but did not claim that the terms of order have been detected.Within the post-Newtonian framework, several metric theories have studied the radiation and propagation of gravitational waves. [9] For example, in the Rosen bi-metric theory, [10] the difference between the speed of gravity and the speed of light could be tested by comparing the arrival times of a gravitational wave and an electromagnetic wave from the same event: a supernova. Hulse and Taylor [11] showed the indirect evidence for gravitational radiation. However, the gravitational waves themselves have not yet been detected directly. [12] In electrodynamics the speed of electromagnetic waves appears in Maxwell equations as c = √ 0 0 , no such constant appears in any theory of gravity. Currently, our only experimental insights into the speed of the gravitational waves are derived from observations of the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16. Measurements of its orbital decay agree at the 1% level with general relativity (GR), assuming that energy is emitted in the form of quadrupole gravitational radiation. [13,14] 2 At the low speeds and in the weak-field limit, the Newtonian limit can be derived from Einstein field equations. [15] In this letter, it is shown that, the speed of gravity can be studied or measured with the retarded gravitational potential.In the Newtonian theory of gravity, the gravitational interaction is instantaneous. Attempting to combine a finite gravitational speed with Newton's theory, Laplace [16] concluded that the speed of gravity is by analyzing the motion of the Moon in 1805. Lightman [17] et al determined that with the purely cen...

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Anomalously small retardation of bound (force) electromagnetic fields in antenna near zone

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

On the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio of barriers

On the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio of barriers

Velocity Requirements for Causality Violation

Measurement of the Speed of Gravity

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