Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus (Diptera: Culicidae), not the malaria vector we thought it was: Revised male and female morphology; larva, pupa, and male genitalia characters; and molecular verification

Harrison, Bruce A.; Ruiz-Lopez, Freddy; Falero, Guillermo Calderon; Savage, Harry M.; Pecor, James E.; Wilkerson, Richard C.

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3218.1.1

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…laneanus ) as revealed by K2P genetic distance divergences of 8.3312.6%. This range is similar to the interspecific divergence (mean 8.2%, range 7.638.7%) derived from COI sequences by Harrison et al (2012) for comparisons between An. pholidotus and An.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Fourth-stage larval and pupal exuviae, as well as male genitalia, associated with some of the reared specimens were mounted in Euparal following procedures presented by Pecor & Gaffigan (1997). Identification of many specimens ( n = 34) was based on morphological characters as presented in Zavortink (1973), González & Carrejo (2009) and Harrison et al (2012). Specimens were deposited at Museo Entomológico Francisco Luis Gallego, at Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellin (MELFG).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Standardized mitochondrial fragments from COI (DNA barcodes) have been used to identify mosquitoes (Cywinska et al 2006; Harrison et al 2012; Kumar et al 2007; Ruiz-Lopez et al 2012), including species from the Colombian Andes (Rozo-Lopez & Mengual 2015). Also, in Colombia, DNA barcodes were used to distinguish An.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of DNA barcoding to distinguish the malaria vector Anopheles neivai in Colombia

López-Rubio

Suaza-Vasco

Marcet

et al. 2016

Zootaxa

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A reference 535 bp barcode sequence from a fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI), acquired from specimens of An. neivai Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1913 from its type locality in Panama, was used as a tool for distinguishing this species from others in the subgenus Kerteszia. Comparisons with corresponding regions of COI between An. neivai and other species in the subgenus (An. bellator Dyar & Knab 1906, An. homunculus Komp 1937, An cruzii Dyar & Knab, 1908 and An. laneanus Corrêa & Cerqueira, 1944) produced K2P genetic distances of 8.3–12.6%, values well above those associated with intraspecific variation. In contrast, genetic distances among 55 specimens from five municipalities in the Colombian Pacific coastal state of Chocó were all within the range of 0–2.5%, with an optimized barcode threshold of 1.3%, the limit for unambiguous differentiation of An. neivai. Among specimens from the Chocó region, 18 haplotypes were detected, two of which were widely distributed over the municipalities sampled. The barcode sequence permits discrimination of An. neivai from sympatric species and indicates genetic variability within the species; aspects key to malaria surveillance and control as well as defining geographic distribution and dispersion patterns.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of DNA barcoding to distinguish the malaria vector Anopheles neivai in Colombia

López-Rubio

Suaza-Vasco

Marcet

et al. 2016

Zootaxa

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“…cruzii and An. homunculus [10]. The morphological identification of these species is often hampered by variability in the diagnostic characteristics and by damage to insect body parts caused by the capture procedure [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometrical diagnosis of the malaria vectors Anopheles cruzii, An. homunculus and An. bellator

et al. 2012

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BackgroundAnopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii is a primary vector of Plasmodium parasites in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Adult females of An. cruzii and An. homunculus, which is a secondary malaria vector, are morphologically similar and difficult to distinguish when using external morphological characteristics only. These two species may occur syntopically with An. bellator, which is also a potential vector of Plasmodium species and is morphologically similar to An. cruzii and An. homunculus. Identification of these species based on female specimens is often jeopardised by polymorphisms, overlapping morphological characteristics and damage caused to specimens during collection. Wing geometric morphometrics has been used to distinguish several insect species; however, this economical and powerful tool has not been applied to Kerteszia species. Our objective was to assess wing geometry to distinguish An. cruzii, An. homunculus and An. bellator.MethodsSpecimens were collected in an area in the Serra do Mar hotspot biodiversity corridor of the Atlantic Forest biome (Cananeia municipality, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil). The right wings of females of An. cruzii (n= 40), An. homunculus (n= 50) and An. bellator (n= 27) were photographed. For each individual, 18 wing landmarks were subjected to standard geometric morphometrics. Discriminant analysis of Procrustean coordinates was performed to quantify wing shape variation.ResultsIndividuals clustered into three distinct groups according to species with a slight overlap between representatives of An. cruzii and An. homunculus. The Mahalanobis distance between An. cruzii and An. homunculus was consistently lower (3.50) than that between An. cruzii and An. bellator (4.58) or An. homunculus and An. bellator (4.32). Pairwise cross-validated reclassification showed that geometric morphometrics is an effective analytical method to distinguish between An. bellator, An. cruzii and An. homunculus with a reliability rate varying between 78-88%. Shape analysis revealed that the wings of An. homunculus are narrower than those of An. cruzii and that An. bellator is different from both of the congeneric species.ConclusionIt is possible to distinguish among the vectors An. cruzii, An. homunculus and An. bellator based on female wing characteristics.

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“…As a basis for these keys, the primary types (holotypes and paratypes) and other specimens deposited in the Coleção Entomológica de Referência, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (FSP-USP) [ 36 – 38 ], Museo de Entomología, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia (MUSENUV) and the US National Mosquito Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNMC), and original descriptions, keys, summaries and revisions from the published literature were examined. Primary publications for identification of Neotropical Anopheles include: key to genus Anopheles based on the morphology of male genitalia (Amazonian Brazil) [ 39 ]; keys to genus Anopheles based on the morphology of male genitalia, females and larvae (Venezuela) [ 40 – 44 ]; keys to Anopheles females and larvae (Brazil and other countries of South America) [ 45 , 46 ]; key to Anopheles subgenus Nyssorhynchus Blanchard, 1902 females (western Venezuela) [ 47 ]; keys to Anopheles subgenus Nyssorhynchus based on the morphology of male genitalia, females and larvae (Amazonian Region) [ 48 ]; revision of all stages of Anopheles subgenus Nyssorhynchus , Albimanus Section [ 49 ]; genus Anopheles , comprehensive (North and South America) [ 32 , 50 ]; keys to genus Anopheles females and larvae (Colombia) [ 51 ]; keys to genus Anopheles females and larvae (Venezuela, eastern and western South America, Central America and Panama) [ 52 – 55 ]; key to Anopheles subgenus Kerteszia Theobald, 1905 females [ 56 ]; keys to genus Anopheles male genitalia, larvae and eggs (Neotropics) [ 57 ]; revision of all stages of Anopheles subgenus Nyssorhynchus , Argyritarsis Section [ 58 ]; key to larvae (Venezuela) [ 59 ]; summary of Anopheles subgenus Nyssorhynchus , with definition of the Myzorhynchella Series [ 30 ]; key to females of Anopheles subgenus Nyssorhynchus (Venezuela) [ 60 ]; key to Anopheles females (Central America) [ 61 ]; key to Anopheles females (in Spanish) (Central America) [ 62 ]; and, revision of Anopheles subgenus Kerteszia [ 63 ]. From these available published literature records, we initiated the keys using [ 32 , 49 , 50 , 56 , 63 ] and [ 61 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). I. Introduction

et al. 2020

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Background The worldwide genus Anopheles Meigen, 1918 is the only genus containing species evolved as vectors of human and simian malaria. Morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 is tremendous, which has made these parasites and their vectors the objects of intense research aimed at mosquito identification, malaria control and elimination. DNA tools make the identification of Anopheles species both easier and more difficult. Easier in that putative species can nearly always be separated based on DNA data; more difficult in that attaching a scientific name to a species is often problematic because morphological characters are often difficult to interpret or even see; and DNA technology might not be available and affordable. Added to this are the many species that are either not yet recognized or are similar to, or identical with, named species. The first step in solving Anopheles identification problem is to attach a morphology-based formal or informal name to a specimen. These names are hypotheses to be tested with further morphological observations and/or DNA evidence. The overarching objective is to be able to communicate about a given species under study. In South America, morphological identification which is the first step in the above process is often difficult because of lack of taxonomic expertise and/or inadequate identification keys, written for local fauna, containing the most consequential species, or obviously, do not include species described subsequent to key publication. Methods Holotypes and paratypes and other specimens deposited in the Coleção Entomológica de Referência, Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP-USP), Museo de Entomología, Universidad del Valle (MUSENUV) and the US National Mosquito Collection, Smithsonian Institution (USNMC) were examined and employed to illustrate the identification keys for female, male and fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles. Results We presented, in four concurrent parts, introduction and three keys to aid the identification of South American Anopheles based on the morphology of the larvae, male genitalia and adult females, with the former two keys fully illustrated. Conclusions Taxonomic information and identification keys for species of the genus Anopheles are updated. The need for further morphology-based studies and description of new species are reinforced.

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Anopheles (Kerteszia) lepidotus (Diptera: Culicidae), not the malaria vector we thought it was: Revised male and female morphology; larva, pupa, and male genitalia characters; and molecular verification

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Use of DNA barcoding to distinguish the malaria vector Anopheles neivai in Colombia

Use of DNA barcoding to distinguish the malaria vector Anopheles neivai in Colombia

Morphometrical diagnosis of the malaria vectors Anopheles cruzii, An. homunculus and An. bellator

Identification keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). I. Introduction

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