Another beauty of analytical chemistry: chemical analysis of inorganic pigments of art and archaeological objects

Doménech‐Carbó, María Teresa; Osete-Cortina, Laura

doi:10.1007/s40828-016-0033-5

Cited by 13 publications

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References 68 publications

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“…Experimental THz-TDS and Raman (though not specifically at low frequencies) spectral databases of artists’ materials including pigments, glues, and binding media have been constructed. , These databases primarily focus on pure materials; however, pigment mixtures were commonly used to achieve desired hues in artifacts . Accurate characterization of pigment mixtures is important not only for identification of artifact composition, but also to provide better understanding of artists’ palettes in original works, monitoring degradation of pigments over time, detection of previous damage including prior restoration and conservation efforts, and artifact authentication. ,, Raman and infrared spectroscopies have been utilized in the analyses of various pigment mixtures and binders, as demonstrated in recent reports. − From an analytical perspective, the multiple spectral signals from mixtures often present a practical challenge for spectroscopic analysis as compared to neat samples. Low-frequency vibrational spectroscopy has the potential to aid in pigment mixture analyses given the already reported successes using THz-TDS and LFRS for molecular solids, including pharmaceuticals. − Investigating pigments and their mixtures with low-frequency vibrational spectroscopy could also prove useful in elucidating the contrast mechanisms underlying the 2D and 3D images of artworks that have been collected using THz radiation. − …”

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“…3 Accurate characterization of pigment mixtures is important not only for identification of artifact composition, but also to provide better understanding of artists' palettes in original works, monitoring degradation of pigments over time, detection of previous damage including prior restoration and conservation efforts, and artifact authentication. 2,30,31 Raman and infrared spectroscopies have been utilized in the analyses of various pigment mixtures and binders, as demonstrated in recent reports. 32−34 From an analytical perspective, the multiple spectral signals from mixtures often present a practical challenge for spectroscopic analysis as compared to neat samples.…”

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Quantitative Analysis of Minium and Vermilion Mixtures Using Low-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy

Kleist

Korter

2019

Anal. Chem.

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Low-frequency vibrational spectroscopy offers a compelling solution for the nondestructive and noninvasive study of pigments in historical artifacts by revealing the characteristic sub-200 cm–1 spectral features of component materials. The techniques of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and low-frequency Raman spectroscopy (LFRS) are complementary approaches to accessing this spectral region and are valuable tools for artifact identification, conservation, and restoration. In this investigation of historical pigments, pure and mixed samples of minium (Pb3O4) and vermilion (HgS) were studied using a combination of THz-TDS and LFRS experiments to determine the limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for each compound with both methods. The measurements were also supported using solid-state density functional theory simulations of the pigment structures and vibrations, enabling spectral peaks to be assigned to specific atomic motions in these solids. The THz-TDS LOD was found to be similar for both minium and vermilion at 6% by mass on average. In comparison, LFRS was found to be more sensitive to both pigments, particularly to the presence of vermilion with an LFRS LOD of 0.2%. These results demonstrate that low-frequency vibrational spectroscopy can be used for successful quantitative analysis of pigment mixtures and provide reliable new data for use in heritage science.

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Quantitative Analysis of Minium and Vermilion Mixtures Using Low-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy

Kleist

Korter

2019

Anal. Chem.

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“…49 ). A compilation of spot tests proposed for analyzing inorganic pigments in artworks and archaeological objects can be found in the literature [ 226 ] and in a more recent ChemTexts contribution by Doménech-Carbó and Osete-Cortina [ 223 ]. Arnold [ 227 ] has proposed a series of microchemical slide tests based on precipitation reactions for the qualitative analysis of the main ions that make up soluble salts and efflorescences formed as result of alteration process of stones, mortars, stuccoes, or ceramic fabrics of monuments.…”

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Spot tests: past and present

Doménech‐Carbó

2021

ChemTexts

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Graphic abstract Microchemistry, i.e., the chemistry performed at the scale of a microgram or less, has its roots in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In the first half of the twentieth century a wide range of spot tests have been developed. For didactic reasons, they are still part of the curriculum of chemistry students. However, they are even highly important for applied analyses in conservation of cultural heritage, food science, forensic science, clinical and pharmacological sciences, geochemistry, and environmental sciences. Modern pregnancy tests, virus tests, etc. are the most recent examples of sophisticated spot tests. The present ChemTexts contribution aims to provide an overview of the past and present of this analytical methodology.

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“…Numerous scientific analysis methods have proven to be excellent in analyzing ancient polychromatic cultural heritages [9]. Ajò David et al [10] utilized a combination of optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and photoluminescence spectroscopies to investigate the composition materials and conservation status of two mural paintings created by Ciro Ferri.…”

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Multi-Method Analysis of Painting Materials in Murals of the North Mosque (Linqing, China)

Dong

Xiang

et al. 2023

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The murals of Ming Dynasty North Mosque in Linqing, Shandong Province, Eastern China, are of significant cultural and historical importance. Their final restoration date remains uncertain, making a comprehensive investigation critical before initiating preservation and renovation work. This research project examined the painting materials of the murals using various analytical techniques, including polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), microscopic Raman spectroscopy (M-Raman), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis. Results indicated that the pigments employed included ultramarine, emerald green, cinnabar, kaolinite, gypsum, and carbon black, while the gum binder used was protein-based adhesive materials. As synthetic ultramarine and emerald green were not introduced to China until the late Qing Dynasty, this suggests that these murals were restored no earlier than this period. The study also revealed that the mural materials used in the North Mosque mural were similar to those found in other architectural murals in China. Thus, the knowledge gained from the conservation and restoration efforts of similar architectural murals can be leveraged to enhance the conservation and restoration efforts of the North Mosque murals.

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Another beauty of analytical chemistry: chemical analysis of inorganic pigments of art and archaeological objects

Abstract: This lecture text shows what fascinating tasks analytical chemists face in Art Conservation and Archaeology,

Cited by 13 publications

References 68 publications

Quantitative Analysis of Minium and Vermilion Mixtures Using Low-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy

Quantitative Analysis of Minium and Vermilion Mixtures Using Low-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy

Spot tests: past and present

Multi-Method Analysis of Painting Materials in Murals of the North Mosque (Linqing, China)

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