Another novel subgenotype of hepatitis B virus genotype C from papuans of Highland origin

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subtypes have been identified worldwide. As HBV genotypes/subtypes, the HBV subgenotypes seem to be associated with their geographical distribution and ethnic origin. A previous study showed the novel HBV subgenotype C6 based on the complete genome sequences of isolates in Papua, Indonesia. In the present study, further characterization of HBV in Jayapura (capital of Papua Province), particularly from native people of Papua originating from the highland (highland Papuans) and those from the lowland (lowland Papuans) were examined. Of 32 HBV isolates from both highland and lowland Papuan blood donors with HBsAg positive, part of the S gene and the core gene sequences were analyzed. Analyses of some isolates from highland Papuans were confirmed by the complete genome sequences. Most HBV isolates were classified into genotype C (78.1%), followed by genotype B (18.8%), and genotype D (3.1%). The subtype adr was predominant (71.9%), followed by adw2 (25.1%), and ayw2 (3.1%). As with previous findings, phylogenetic analyses revealed that most HBV isolates from Papuans, C/adr, belonged to subgenotype C6. Interestingly, some C/adr isolates from highland Papuans formed a distinct cluster from all reported subgenotypes of HBV/C, and they differed from HBV/C1-C10 by 4.2-7.2% over the complete genome. SimPlot analysis showed no evidence of recombination with HBV/C1-C10. The isolated life and closed social systems of highland Papuans, even though some have been moving to Jayapura, likely contribute to the formation of this unique cluster of infection with a novel subgenotype of HBV, named C11.

High Rates of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections and Uncommon HBV Genotype/Subtype and HCV Subtype Distributions among Transgender Individuals in Surabaya, Indonesia

“…Our previous report revealed that ＞90z of samples obtained from the general population, chronic liver disease patients, and patients on maintenance hemodialysis in Surabaya belong to the genotype B and subtype adw (13); this finding is similar to the results found in other parts of Java Island (10,25), and the genotype/ subtype C/adrq ＋ was mostly found in the most eastern region of Indonesia (in the Papuan ethnic group) (9,25,28). This study showed at least 30z of the samples (3/9) were of C/adrq ＋ , and 2 of them were from Maduranese individuals.…”

Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Indonesia 15 Years After Adoption of a Universal Infant Vaccination Program: Possible Impacts of Low Birth Dose Coverage and a Vaccine-Escape Mutant

“…18 Genotype C mainly originated from Far East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Polynesia, and it was predominant in eastern Indonesia, including North Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Papua. 13,15,16 Both areas in southeast Sulawesi and West Timor showed a mixed pattern of HBV subtypes. On the other hand, there was an altered pattern of the main subtype in West Papua, from adr to both adr and adw subtypes.…”

“…7,8 Nine HBV genotypes, from A to H and J, that are based on its surface gene, have been documented, [9][10][11][12] and HBV genotypes B and C were predominant among Indonesian populations. [13][14][15][16] Ten HBV serological subtypes, which are based on the amino acid sequences of HBsAg, have been identified. [17][18][19] Indonesia has been geographically divided into four different HBV subtype zones: the adw, adr, ayw, and mix zones.…”

Construction, Expression and Characterization of Multi Cassettes Encoding Indonesian Small Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (s-HBsAg) in Methylotropic Yeast Pichia pastoris

“…Norder et al (2004) Mangold et al (1995), revealed that all HBV isolates obtained from HBsAg-positive HBV carriers, including healthy blood donors, patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma; and patients on hemodialysis all located in Surabaya belonged to genotype B with more than 90% of them being classified into subtype adw. Another survey in Yogyakarta was found (11%), compound subtypes, such as adyw and adyr were detected in the remaining seven (15%) (Juniastuti et al, 2011). HBsAg is a cysteine-rich, lipid-bound protein with 226 amino acids (Zhao et al, 2006).…”

“…B genotype is mostly present in Indonesian ethnic populations and their distribution following the ethno linguistics structure of the population suggest that unlikely that these sub-genotypes have been introduced in recent time. In the subgenotype level, from 440 HBV isolates in Indonesia, B3 is the major sub-genotype (Juniastuti et al, 2011). The combination of amino acid residues in position 122 (d/y) and 160 (w/r) which flank the 'A' determinant provide four major subtypes of HBsAg: adw, adr, ayr and ayw.…”