Antagonisms, mutualisms and commensalisms affect outbreak dynamics of the southern pine beetle

Hofstetter, Richard W.; Cronin, James T.; Klepzig, Kier D.; Moser, John C.; Ayres, Matthew P.

doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0312-0

Cited by 145 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Depending on beetle species and host trees, as well as environmental factors and beetle population levels, the nature and the relative abundance of the beetle associated fungal species can vary (see Sects. 3.6 and 6, references included), and thus the above roles could be played by different fungal species, or the same fungal species could be involved in several roles, which could have consequences for beetle population dynamics (Hofstetter et al, 2006).…”

Section: Multiple Roles Of Associated Fungal Complexes a Final Hypotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

2009

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Keywords:pathogen / forest tree / physiological stress / blue stain fungi / host resistance Abstract • Our aim is to present why the hypothesis, that Ophiostomatoid fungi play an important role in the establishment of most bark beetle species on living conifers, is valuable.• After summarizing knowledge about the relationships of bark beetles with conifers and fungi, we conclude that controversy results from misinterpretations when using fungal pathogenicity to demonstrate the role of Ophiostomatoid fungi in beetle establishment on host trees.• We demonstrate that fungal pathogenicity is not the right parameter to appreciate the role of fungus in beetle establishment on host trees. We argue that artificial low density inoculations that allow the appreciation of fungus ability to stimulate tree defenses and thus to help beetles in overcoming tree resistance must be used in complement to mass inoculations. In both cases, results must be expressed in terms of tree defense stimulation rather than in terms of tree killing.(i) Fungal species stimulating tree defenses are generally not those that grow the best in the sapwood.(ii) We argue that beetle development in the phloem, fungal invasion of the sapwood and phloem, and tree death, occur after tree defenses are exhausted, and that any fungus present in the beetle gallery could thus potentially invade the sapwood after defense exhaustion.• We conclude that stimulation of the tree defense reactions in both the phloem and the superficial sapwood is a real benefit brought by fungi to the beetles during the first phase of establishment (overcoming tree resistance).• Considering the origin of the bark beetle fungus associations attacking living trees and their general functioning based on stimulation of tree defenses, we develop three hypotheses:(i) any beetle species would be helped in its establishment in a given tree species by developing an association, even loosely, with a fungus species belonging to the Ophiostomatoid flora of that tree species; (ii) the necessity of a considerably low level of tree resistance for fungus extension into the tree is the selection pressure that has led fungi to develop their intrinsic ability to stimulate tree defenses, through their ability to grow into the phloem. This association can be completed by antagonistic fungal species controlling extension of the previous fungal species in the tree tissues; (iii) Beetle species using the strategy of overcoming tree resistance are associated with a fungal complex, of which species could assume three roles regarding relationships between beetles and trees: 1-to stimulate tree defenses in the phloem and superficial sapwood, 2-to grow into the sapwood after tree resistance is overcome, and 3-to control phloem extension of the first other two categories. Bringing nutrients to the beetle progeny can be a fourth role.• We propose that bark beetle -Ophiostomatoid associations can be categorized, based on associations' frequency and complexity while taking into account beetle aggressiveness. We show...

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Section: Multiple Roles Of Associated Fungal Complexes a Final Hypotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

2009

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“…Various other fungi in this system may, in turn, be antagonistic to the beetles (Barras 1970;Harrington & Zambino 1990;Hofstetter et al 2006;Klepzig et al 2001;Six & Wingfield 2011). In addition to fungivorous mites, other phoretic taxa can be parasitic, predatory and/or omnivorous (Klepzig et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), their phoretic mites (Acari) and associated Geosmithia species (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) from Virgilia trees in South Africa

Machingambi¹,

Roux²,

Dreyer³

et al. 2014

Fungal Biology

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Bark and ambrosia beetles are ecologically and economically important phloeophagous insects that often have complex symbiotic relationships with fungi and mites. These systems are greatly understudied in Africa. In the present study we identified bark and ambrosia beetles, their phoretic mites and their main fungal associates from native Virgilia trees in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa. In addition, we tested the ability of mites to feed on the associated fungi. Four species of scolytine beetles were collected from various Virgilia hosts and from across the CFR. All were consistently associated with various Geosmithia species, fungi known from phloeophagous beetles in many parts of the world, but not yet reported as Scolytinae associates in South Africa. Four beetle species, a single mite species and five Geosmithia species were recovered. The beetles, Hapalogenius fuscipennis, Cryphalini sp. 1 and Scolytoplatypus fasciatus were associated with a single species of Elattoma phoretic mite that commonly carried spores of Geosmithia species. Liparthrum sp. 1 did not carry phoretic mites. Similar to European studies, Geosmithia associates of beetles from Virgilia were constant over extended geographic ranges, and species that share the same host plant individual had similar Geosmithia communities. Phoretic mites were unable to feed on their Geosmithia associates, but were observed to feed on bark-beetle larvae within tunnels. This study forms the first African-centred base for ongoing global studies on the 1 associations between arthropods and Geosmithia species. It strengthens hypotheses that the association between Scolytinae beetles and dry-spored Geosmithia species may be more ubiquitous than commonly recognised.

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“…Phoretic mites of bark beetles are involved in complex symbiotic interactions with bark beetles and fungi, including ophiostomatoid species and their host trees [14,18,20]. Interactions range from mutualism, commensalism and antagonism between the various partners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New associations of phoretic mites on Pityokteines curvidens (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

et al. 2011

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The species composition and abundance of phoretic mites of the bark beetle Pityokteines curvidens caught in pheromone traps were investigated in Croatia. The P. curvidens trapping programs have been in an experimental phase in Croatia since 2004 as a possible monitoring and control system. The trapping program also permits the opportunity to sample phoretic mites found associated with the beetles. Beetles were caught using Curviwit pheromones in Theysohn traps placed in the Litorić region of Croatia. A total of 12 mite species were recovered, including Schizostethus simulatrix, Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus, Histiostoma piceae, H. cf. varia, Paraleius leontonychus, Pleuronectocelaeno barbara, Tarsonemus minimax, Trichouropoda lamellosa, Uroobovella ipidis, Schwiebea sp., Phauloppia lucorum and Dolicheremaeus dorni. Five species, Pl. barbara, Schwiebea sp., H. cf. varia, Ph. lucorum and Do. dorni, are identified for the first time in association with P. curvidens. These findings increase the number of mite species known to be phoretic on P. curvidens from 11 to 16. The present study also increases the number of known mite associates of Pityokteines spp. from 14 to 18.

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Antagonisms, mutualisms and commensalisms affect outbreak dynamics of the southern pine beetle

Cited by 145 publications

References 66 publications

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

Bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), their phoretic mites (Acari) and associated Geosmithia species (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) from Virgilia trees in South Africa

New associations of phoretic mites on Pityokteines curvidens (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

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