Antagonist Concepts of Polypyrrole Actuators: Bending Hybrid Actuator and Mirrored Trilayer Linear Actuator

Nguyen, Ngoc Tuan; Bao, Le Quoc; Anbarjafari, Gholamreza; Tamm, Tarmo

doi:10.3390/polym13060861

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The general trend in current research is to focus on applications, while mechanistic studies are not followed up. To control actuators, the mixed-ion actuation appeared in several studies to lower the overall strain outcome [15], or if in the same size at oxidation/reduction, special design can present new application [30]. Previous research [31] revealed that the typical cation-driven actuators PPy/DBS changed to mainly anion-driven in organic electrolytes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypyrrole Polyethylene Composite for Controllable Linear Actuators in Different Organic Electrolytes

Khuyen

Nguyen

2022

Materials

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Controllable linear actuation of polypyrrole (PPy) is the envisaged goal where only one ion dominates direction (here anions) in reversible redox cycles. PPy with polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate forms PPy-PEO/DBS films (PPy-PEO), which are applied in propylene carbonate (PC) solvent with electrolytes such as 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EDMICF3SO3), sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) and compared in their linear actuation properties with pristine PPy/DBS samples. PPy-PEO showed for all applied electrolytes that only expansion at oxidation appeared in cyclic voltammetric studies, while pristine PPy/DBS had mixed-ion actuation in all electrolytes. The electrolyte TBAPF6-PC revealed for PPy-PEO best results with 18% strain (PPy/DBS had 8.5% strain), 2 times better strain rates, 1.8 times higher electronic conductivity, 1.4 times higher charge densities and 1.5 times higher diffusion coefficients in comparison to PPy/DBS. Long-term measurements up to 1000 cycles at 0.1 Hz revealed strain over 4% for PPy-PEO linear actuators, showing that combination of PPy/DBS with PEO gives excellent material for artificial muscle-like applications envisaged for smart textiles and soft robotics. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed PEO content in PPy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of PPy samples revealed 1.3 times higher ion conductivity of PPy-PEO films in PC solvent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate morphologies of PPy samples, and EDX spectroscopy was conducted to determine ion contents of oxidized/reduced films.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypyrrole Polyethylene Composite for Controllable Linear Actuators in Different Organic Electrolytes

Khuyen

Nguyen

2022

Materials

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“…(A) Linear strain of the five-layer i EAP actuator at ±1, ±2, and ±3 V. (B) Linear force of single actuator and cumulative force for four stacked actuators at ±3 V. (C) Linear strain–voltage dependency plot of the five-layer i EAP actuator, compared with that of other linear actuators reported in the literature to highlight the impact of low-voltage practical operability of our actuator: CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5, and CP6 . The strain values at the indicated frequencies are plotted.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure C shows a comparison of the linear strain–voltage dependencies of soft actuators reported in the literature over the past 15 years. ,,− In the case of trilayer actuators with one ionic membrane between two symmetric electrodes, the typical ion concentration gradient under bias causes an opposite volume change for each electrode, impeding linear deformation . If linear motion is needed, the actuators must be immersed in an electrolyte solution to provide symmetric expansion and contraction force for the outer electrodes via the volume change during a redox reaction, limiting their practical applicability . The only existing ionic actuators capable of low-voltage stimulated linear motion with a strain of over 1% are conducting polymer (CP) actuators. , However, their performance is limited only to wet or submerged conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…expansion and contraction force for the outer electrodes via the volume change during a redox reaction, limiting their practical applicability. 37 The only existing ionic actuators capable of low-voltage stimulated linear motion with a strain of over 1% are conducting polymer (CP) actuators. 39,40 However, their performance is limited only to wet or submerged conditions.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smart Bioinspired Actuators: Crawling, Linear, and Bending Motions through a Multilayer Design

Barpuzary

Ham

Park

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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To fulfill the insatiable demand for wearable technologies, ionic electroactive polymer actuators have been entrenched as promising candidates that can convert low-input-voltage energy into high mechanical throughput. However, a ubiquitous trilayer design of actuators allows exclusively bending deformation and their highly nonlinear response restricts the true potential of low-voltage actuators for next-generation technology. Herein, we report an unprecedented multilayer design for soft actuators that enables complex deformations shown by skeletal muscles, mechanoreceptors, and plant roots in response to various environmental stimuli. Hierarchically ordered pores in a stretchable interlayer provide excellent electromechanical properties and fast charging kinetics, which enable linear motion by soft actuators at 3 V and under ambient conditions. Our actuators demonstrate astonishing levels of performance, including a 6.5% linear actuation strain, 0.8 s rapid switching speed, and 5000 cycle stable performance in air, producing a 4.2 mN linear blocking force at a ±3 V alternating square-wave voltage. This actuator design demonstrating a walkable spider capable of controlled back-and-forth propelling motion at low driving voltages provides the platform to envision a complex functionality using a portable battery as a power source for soft robotics, wearable exosuits, and biomimetic technologies.

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“…As such, by either selecting different electrolytes or solvents or choosing the right polymerization potential, one can promote the desired control of actuation by avoiding mixed modes. On the other hand, mixed actuation with virtually equal strain upon oxidation and reduction allows mirrored and linear trilayer actuators to be constructed [ 36 ]. In either case, it is of paramount importance to understand the factors influencing the actuation mode, which in turn depends on the balance of the mobile species.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion Mobility in Thick and Thin Poly-3,4 Ethylenedioxythiophene Films—From EQCM to Actuation

et al. 2021

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Conductive polymer actuators and sensors rely on controlled ion transport coupled to a potential/charge change. In order to understand and control such devices, it is of paramount importance to understand the factors that determine ion flux at various conditions, including the synthesis potential. In this work, the ion transport in thinner poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) films during charge/discharge driven by cyclic voltammetry is studied by consideration of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and the results are compared to the actuation responses of thicker films that have been synthesized with the same conditions in the bending and linear expansion modes. The effects of polymerization potentials of 1.0 V, 1.2 V, and 1.5 V are studied to elucidate how polymerization potential contributes to actuation, as well the involvement of the EQCM. In this work, it is revealed that there is a shift from anion-dominated to mixed to cation-dominated activity with increased synthesis potential. Scanning electron microscopy shows a decrease in porosity for the PEDOT structure with increasing synthesis potential. EQCM analysis of processes taking place at various potentials allows the determination of appropriate potential windows for increased control over devices.

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Antagonist Concepts of Polypyrrole Actuators: Bending Hybrid Actuator and Mirrored Trilayer Linear Actuator

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Polypyrrole Polyethylene Composite for Controllable Linear Actuators in Different Organic Electrolytes

Polypyrrole Polyethylene Composite for Controllable Linear Actuators in Different Organic Electrolytes

Smart Bioinspired Actuators: Crawling, Linear, and Bending Motions through a Multilayer Design

Ion Mobility in Thick and Thin Poly-3,4 Ethylenedioxythiophene Films—From EQCM to Actuation

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