Antagonistic effect of atipamezole, flumazenil and naloxone following anaesthesia with xylazine, tramadol and tiletamine/zolazepam combinations in pigs

Lu, Dezhang; Fan, Honggang; Ma, Kun; Song, Zhang-Luan; Ming, Yu-Shi; Jiang, Sheng; Wang, Hongbin

doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00625.x

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Several antagonist agents are used successfully to reverse opioid sedation and side-effects. Naloxone is the opioid antagonist most commonly reported for use in pigs [ 27 ], though reversal of butorphanol has shown to be less complete than that of morphine, purportedly due to receptor specificity differences. The longer acting agent naltrexone is used in wildlife species [ 28 , 29 ], with little reported use in domestic species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration

Lehmann

Blache

Drynan

et al. 2017

Animals

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Simple SummaryPigs are notoriously challenging patients. They are difficult to handle so the use of predictable and safe sedation techniques is required for husbandry and surgical procedures. Various combinations of sedative and analgesic drugs have been previously investigated in this species, though the combination of midazolam and detomidine with either butorphanol or morphine has not been reported for sedation in pigs. The use of these combinations was investigated in the context of adequate sedation to allow castration of boars with the aid of local anaesthetic infiltration. The combination of midazolam, detomidine with butorphanol provided a more reliable sedation combination than that including morphine. It is proposed that this combination of drugs would be useful for sedation during painful husbandry procedures in pigs.AbstractJuvenile male pigs were sedated for castration. Eight five-month old boars were sedated twice (two weeks apart) with a combination of detomidine (0.1 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and either butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) (Group MDB, n = 8) or morphine (0.2 mg/kg) (Group MDM, n = 8) intramuscularly. The boars were positioned in lateral recumbency and lidocaine (200 mg total) was injected into the testicle and scrotal skin. Castration of a single testicle was performed on two occasions. Sedation and reaction (to positioning and surgery) scores, pulse rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, body temperature, arterial blood gas parameters and the times to immobility and then recovery were recorded. Atipamezole was administered if spontaneous recovery was not evident within 60 min of sedative administration. Data were compared with either a paired-sample t-test or a Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test. There was no difference in sedation score, body temperature, respiratory rate and haemoglobin oxygen saturation between MDB and MDM. Mild hypoxaemia was noted in both groups. There was less reaction to castration after MDB. The pulse rate was higher after MDM sedation. The times to immobility and then recovery were similar. The combination of MDB provided more reliable sedation than MDM. MDB may be useful for sedation for short procedures in pigs, though oxygen supplementation is recommended to avoid hypoxaemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration

Lehmann

Blache

Drynan

et al. 2017

Animals

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“…The clinical effectiveness of T has been questioned in species that mainly metabolize this molecule to inactive metabolites, suggesting that this drug would not be as suitable as an effective and safe treatment for pain in animals as it is in humans (de Sousa et al ., ; Giorgi et al ., ). Although the effects of T have been evaluated in combination with different analgesic protocols (Ajadi et al ., ; Lu et al ., , ) in pigs, its metabolism has never been tested in this species. Male pigs may experience pain following castration, tooth clipping and tail docking (Hay et al ., ; Marchant‐Forde et al ., ; Torrey et al ., ) as well as a result of condition such as arthritis and traumatic injuries (Zoric et al ., , ).…”

Section: Pharmacokinetic Parameters Of Tramadol and Its Metabolite (Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its major metabolite after intramuscular administration in piglets

Vullo

Kim

Meligrana

et al. 2014

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Tramadol (T) is a centrally acting atypical opioid used for treatment of dogs. Piglets might experience pain following castration, tooth clipping and tail docking and experimental procedures. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of T and its active metabolite M1 in male piglets after a single intramuscular injection. Six healthy male piglets were administered T (5 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Blood was sampled at scheduled time intervals and drug plasma concentrations evaluated by a validated HPLC method. T plasma concentration was quantitatively detectable from 0.083 to 8 h. M1 was quantified over a shorter time period (0.083-6 h) with a Tmax at 0.821 h. The study demonstrated that piglets produce a larger amount of M1 compared with dogs, horses and goats. The human minimum effective concentration of M1 (40 ng/mL) was exceeded for over 3 h in piglets. If it is assumed to also apply to piglets, it could be speculated that the drug efficacy might exert its action over 3 h or longer. This assumption has to be confirmed by further specific pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies.

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“…For dogs with poor recovery score, 2 µg kg −1 dexmedetomidine was administered to improve the quality of recovery. Behavioral scores were measured using methods previously reported (12,13) after 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min. The total score was the sum of posture, sedation, analgesia, skeletal muscle relaxation, and auditory response score (Table 1).…”

Section: Quality Assessment Of Anesthesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiopulmonary (No Ventilation) and Anesthetic Effects of Dexmedetomidine–Tiletamine in Dogs

Zhang

Bai

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine in combination with tiletamine (without zolazepam) as a general anesthetic. The study was divided into two phases. In Phase 1, 18 adult healthy mixed-breed dogs were randomly allocated into three groups: Group TD8 (4.5 mg kg−1 tiletamine and 8 μg kg−1 dexmedetomidine), Group TD10 (4.5 mg kg−1 tiletamine and 10 μg kg−1 dexmedetomidine), or Group TD12 (4.5 mg kg−1 tiletamine and 12 μg kg−1 dexmedetomidine). After drug administration, the heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2), behavioral score, quality of induction and recovery, extent of ataxia, the time taken for induction, and the duration of anesthesia were recorded. The recovery time and quality were recorded after administration of atipamezole (50 μg kg−1) after 60 min. In phase 2, the feasibility of combining dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg−1) and tiletamine (4.5 mg kg−1) as general anesthetics for orchiectomy was evaluated in dogs (n = 6). HR, fR, MAP, SAP, DAP, temperature, SpO2, behavioral scores, and adverse reactions were recorded during each surgical procedure. In phase 1, the dogs were anesthetized for 5 min after administration of drugs and achieved a maximum behavioral score in TD10 and TD12 after 10 min. Although HR, MAP, SAP, DAP, and NIBP decreased in all three groups, they still maintained within the normal range. In phase 2, orchiectomy was completed smoothly in all dogs with little fluctuation in the physiological variables. We found that a combination of tiletamine (4.5 mg kg−1) and dexmedetomidine (10 μg kg−1) intramuscularly induced moderate anesthesia in dogs and could be utilized for short-term anesthesia and minor surgery.

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Antagonistic effect of atipamezole, flumazenil and naloxone following anaesthesia with xylazine, tramadol and tiletamine/zolazepam combinations in pigs

Cited by 25 publications

References 21 publications

Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration

Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration

Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its major metabolite after intramuscular administration in piglets

Cardiopulmonary (No Ventilation) and Anesthetic Effects of Dexmedetomidine–Tiletamine in Dogs

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