“…As noted in Quick's (2020) recent review of the expectation gap literature, recent studies suggest that these differences in perceptions still persist between different stakeholder groups across many countries. For example, studies have been conducted in China (Lin and Chen 2004), Barbados (Alleyne and Howard 2005), Egypt (Dixon, Woodhead, and Sohliman 2006), Australia (Schelluch and Gay 2006), Lebanon (Sidani 2007), Saudi Arabia (Haniffa and Hudaib 2007), Netherlands (Hassink, Bollen, Meuwissen, and De Vries 2009;Litjens, van Buuren, and Vergoossen 2015), Bangladesh (Siddiqui, Nasreen, and Choudhury-Lema 2009), Iran (Noghondari and Foong 2013), UK/New Zealand (Porter, Ó hÓgartaigh, and Baskerville 2012), Germany (Ruhnke and Schmidt 2014), and the USA (DiGabriele 2016), with the majority of these studies noting specific differences in how various stakeholders view the auditor's role in detecting fraud.…”