Anterior cingulate cortex gray matter abnormalities in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study

Causal connectivity abnormalities of regional homogeneity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a rest-state fMRI study

“…Convergent evidences have demonstrated that ADHD induced abnormalities both in brain structure (i.e. reduced volume and cortical thickness in frontal, anterior cingulate cortex [1], amygdala [2], hippocampus [3], cerebellum [4,5] and occipital [6,7]) and brain function (i.e. functional connectivity alterations among frontal-occipital, temporo-occipital [8,9], and frontal-striatal circuits networks [10,11]).…”

Brain abnormalities in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder revealed by voxel-based morphometry

“…In adults, symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and deficit of attention tend to be expressed in the form of inner restlessness, inability to relax, impatience, difficulty to make decisions, affective instability and stress intolerance (Kooij et al, 2010). These symptoms can significantly disrupt patients' daily life activities, especially in the absence of adequate coping skills (Amico et al, 2011).…”

Probabilistic reward learning in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder—An electrophysiological study

“…Stimulant medication increases DA activity and thus affects reward learning: while non-medicated adults with ADHD were impaired both when learning from positive and from negative feedback, stimulant medication was found to improve learning from positive feedback only (Frank et al, 2007). There is evidence of altered structure and function of central regions in the reward system in ADHD, such as aberrant connectivity patterns involving the OFC Cocchi et al, 2012;Tomasi and Volkow, 2012), OFC hyporesponsiveness to reward (Cubillo et al, 2012;Wilbertz et al, 2012;Edel et al, 2013), smaller ACC volumes (Makris et al, 2010;Amico et al, 2011;Bledsoe et al, 2013) and ACC hypoactivation during reward-based decision making (Ernst et al, 2003).…”