Anthelmintic activity of Carica pubescens aqueous seed extract and its effects on rumen fermentation and methane reduction in Indonesian thin-tailed sheep: An in vitro study

Abstract

Background and Aim: Seeds from Carica pubescens were observed to be abundant as waste. This waste contains active plant compounds whose utilization has not been studied in the livestock sector. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of an aqueous seed extract of Carica pubescens (ASE) as an anthelmintic agent during rumen fermentation and methane reduction. Materials and Methods: Aqueous seed extract of Carica pubescens was prepared from C. pubescens cultivated in Wonosobo, Indonesia. Phytochemical analyses were performed to quantify the secondary metabolite content of ASE. In vitro adult worm mortality tests, scanning electron microscopy, and gas production tests were conducted to evaluate rumen characteristics, methane reduction, and the potential of ASE as an anthelmintic against Haemonchus contortus. Adult worms and ruminal fluid were collected from Indonesian thin-tailed sheep. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences® 21.0 software to detect significant differences. Results: In vitro study results showed that 1–5% ASE inhibited H. contortus after the 1st h of incubation, and 5% ASE suppressed 100% of adult H. contortus worms in the 5th h. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of ASE-treated worms ASE revealed damaged cuticle structures. ASE had no significant effect on pH, NH3, volatile fatty acid, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acetate: propionate, or microbial protein in rumen fluid (p > 0.05). The in vitro feed fermentation results showed that ASE significantly affected methane reduction. Conclusion: The inclusion of up to 5% ASE in sheep diets may serve as a potential alternative anthelmintic against H. contortus as well as a methane reduction agent, without deleterious effects on rumen fermentation. Keywords: Carica pubescens, fermentation, greenhouse, Haemonchus contortus, metabolite, ruminant.

Anthelmintic effects of Podang mango (Mangifera indica) fruit peel waste extract through in vivo application on Indonesian Etawa goat production and health

“…The industrial waste is potentially valuable for multiple uses in the ruminant industry. The in vitro research proposes it as a potential alternative to control gastrointestinal helminth infections, decrease methane emissions, and safeguard proteins [ 5 , 7 , 8 ].…”

“…According to SEM findings, P. falcataria bark waste harbors plant compounds essential for helminth death through damage to the helminth cuticle. Baihaqi et al [8] demonstrated through an in vitro study that Carica pubescens seed waste damages H. contortus cuticle structure, thus eliminating it. This study found that Carica seeds did not impact ruminal fermentation while lowering methane gas production, supporting earlier findings by Baihaqi et al [9].…”

“…Baihaqi et al . [ 8 ] demonstrated through an in vitro study that Carica pubescens seed waste damages H. contortus cuticle structure, thus eliminating it. This study found that Carica seeds did not impact ruminal fermentation while lowering methane gas production, supporting earlier findings by Baihaqi et al .…”

In vivo study: The effects of Carica pubescens seed extract on the anthelmintic activity, feed digestibility, performance, and clinical parameters of thin-tailed sheep

“…Observations on C. pubescens seeds proved qualitatively positive, while the total phenol was 9.5 (mg GAE/g dw), flavonoids content 3,1 (mg RE/g dw) and 5.4 % total tannins. The use of active plant compounds from agoindustrial waste can be used as an alternative to worm infection control, methane reduction and protein protection winth in vitro study as done by Baihaqi on plant waste Paraserianthes falcatria bark [7], fruit peel of Carica pubescens [17] and seed of Carica pubescens [8].…”

“…Recent in vitro research by Baihaqi et al [8] added that in vitro studies indicated that the seeds of C. pubescens inhibit H. contortus, leading to a damaged cuticle structure. The seeds of C. pubescens do not interfere with rumen fermentation characteristics but have a significant effect on methane reduction.…”